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Crystal structure of human sex hormone-binding globulin: steroid transport by a laminin G-like domain
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EMBO J
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19
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4
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504-12
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2000
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10675319
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101093/emboj/194504
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, also known as '''anabolic-androgenic steroids''' or '''AAS''', are a class of Steroid Hormone s related to the hormone Testosterone . They increase Protein Synthesis within cells, which results in Anabolism of Cellular Tissue , especially in Muscle s. Anabolic steroids also have Androgen ic and Virilizing properties, including the development and maintenance of Masculine characteristics such as the growth of the Vocal Chord s and body hair. The word ''anabolic'' comes from the Greek : ''anabole'', "to build up", and the word ''androgenic'' comes from the Greek: ''andros'', "man" + ''genein'', "to produce".
Anabolic steroids were first isolated, identified and Synthesized in the 1930s, and are now used therapeutically in Medicine to stimulate Bone growth and Appetite , induce male Puberty , and treat chronic Wasting conditions, such as Cancer and AIDS . Anabolic steroids also produce increases in muscle mass and physical strength, and are consequently used in Sport and Bodybuilding to enhance strength or physique. Serious health risks can be produced by long-term use or excessive doses of anabolic steroids. These effects include harmful changes in Cholesterol levels (increased Bad Cholesterol and decreased Good Cholesterol ), Acne , High Blood Pressure , Liver Damage , and dangerous changes in the structure of the Left Ventricle of the heart. Some of these effects can be mitigated by exercise, or by taking supplemental drugs.
The non-medical use of anabolic steroids is controversial because they may be used to gain an advantage in competitive sports, as well as because of their adverse effects. The use of anabolic steroids is banned by all major sporting bodies, including the International Olympic Committee , FIFA , UEFA , the National Hockey League , Major League Baseball , the National Basketball Association , the European Athletic Association and the National Football League . Anabolic steroids are Controlled Substance s in many countries, including the United States (U.S.), Canada , the United Kingdom (UK), Australia , Argentina and Brazil , while in other countries, such as Mexico and Thailand , they are freely available. In countries where the drugs are controlled, there is often a Black Market , in which Smuggled or Counterfeit Drugs are sold to users. The quality of such illegal drugs may be low, and contaminants may cause additional health risks. Many users have called for the Decriminalization of anabolic steroids.
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