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in Japan]] Amitābha ( described in the scriptures of the Mahāyāna School Of Buddhism . According to these scriptures, Amitābha possesses infinite merits resulting from good deeds over countless past lives as a Bodhisattva named Dharmakara. DOCTRINE According to the Larger Sūtra Of Immeasurable Life Amitābha was, in very ancient times and possibly in another realm, a monk named Dharmakāra. In some versions of the Sūtra , Dharmakāra is described as a former king who, having come into contact with the Buddhist teachings through the buddha Lokesvararaja , renounced his throne. He then resolved to become a Buddha and so to come into possession of a '''' ("buddha-field", a world produced by a buddha's merit) possessed of many perfections. These resolutions were expressed in his Forty-eight Vows 四十八願, which set out the type of buddha-field Dharmakāra aspired to create, the conditions under which beings might be born into that world, and what kind of beings they would be when reborn there. In the versions of the sutra widely known in China, Vietnam, Korea and Japan, Dharmakāra's eighteenth vow was that any being in any universe desiring to be born into Amitābha's Pure Land and calling upon his name even as few as ten times will be guaranteed rebirth there. His nineteenth vow promises that he, together with his bodhisattvas and other blessed Buddhists, will appear before those who call upon him at the moment of death. This openness and acceptance of all kinds of people has made the Pure Land belief one of the major influences in Mahāyāna Buddhism. Pure Land Buddhism seems to have first become popular in northwest India / Pakistan and Afghanistan , from where it spread to Central Asia and China , and from China to Vietnam , Korea and Japan . The sutra goes on to explain that Amitābha, after accumulating great merit over countless lives, finally achieved buddhahood and is still alive in his land of Sukhāvatī, whose many virtues and joys are described. The basic doctrines concerning Amitābha and his vows are found in three canonical Mahāyāna texts:
Through his efforts, Amitabha created the "Pure Land" (净土, Chinese: ''jìngtŭ''; Japanese: ''jōdo''; Vietnamese: ''tịnh độ'') called ''Sukhāvatī'' ( into this land, there to undergo instruction by him in the Dharma and ultimately become bodhisattvas and buddhas in their turn (the ultimate goal of Mahāyāna Buddhism). From there, these same bodhisattvas and buddhas return to our world to help yet more people. Amitabha in Vajrayana Buddhism , traditionally Thanka painting.]] Amitābha is also known in Tibet , Mongolia , and other regions where Tibetan Buddhism is practised. In the Highest Yoga Tantra class of the Tibetan Vajrayana Amitabha is considered one of the Five Dhyāni Buddhas (together with Akshobhya , Amoghasiddhi , Ratnasambhava , and Vairocana ), who is associated with the western direction and the '' Skandha '' of , the aggregate of distinguishing (recognition) and the deep awareness of individualities. His realm is called either Sukhāvatī (sanskrit) or Dewachen (tibetan). As his two main disciples, similar as the Buddha Shakyamuni had two, are seen the Bodhisattva s Vajrapani and Avalokiteshvara , the former to his left and the latter to his right. In Tibetan Buddhism , there exists a number of famous prayers for taking rebirth in Sukhavati (Dewachen). One of these was written by Je Tsongkhapa on the request of Manjushri , who appeared to him in different visions. He is frequently invoked in Tibet either as Buddha ''Amithaba'' - especially in the Powa practices or as '' Amitāyus '' - especially in practices relating to longevity and preventing an untimely death. In Japanese Vajrayana, or Shingon Buddhism, Amitabha is seen as one of the thirteen Buddhist deities practitioners pay homage to. The Nembutsu used in Pure Land Buddhist schools is incorporated into Shingon, but Shingon also uses special devotional mantras for Amitabha as well. Amitabha is also one of the Buddhas featured in the Womb Realm Mandala used in Shingon practices. Mantras Amitabha is the center of a number of mantras in Buddhist Vajrayana practices. The Indic form of the mantra of Amitābha is ', which is pronounced in its Tibetan version as ''Om ami dhewa hri''. The Japanese Shingon Buddhist Mantra is ''On amirita teizei kara un'' which represents the underlying Indic form '. In addition to using the mantras listed above, many Buddhist schools invoke Amitabha's name in a practice known as 'nianfo' in Chinese and 'nembutsu' in Japanese. NAMES IN VARIOUS LANGUAGES The proper ( Nominative ) form of Amitābha's name in Sanskrit is . This is a compound of the Sanskrit words '''amita''' ("without bound, infinite") and '''ābhā''' ("light, splendor"). Consequently, the name is to be interpreted as "he who possesses light without bound, he whose splendor is infinite". The name ''Amitāyus'' (nominative form ) is also used. This is a compound of '''amita''' ("infinite") and '''āyus''' ("life"), and so means "he whose life is boundless". In Chinese, his name is given as 阿彌陀佛 (''Ēmítuó Fó''), where Ēmítuó is the Chinese representation of the first three syllables of either Amitābha ''or'' Amitāyus, and Fó is Chinese for Buddha (a very early borrowing of the first syllable of the Sanskrit word). The name Amitābha is given in Chinese as 無量光 Wúliàngguāng ("Infinite Light "), while the name Amitāyus is given as 無量壽 Wúliàngshòu ("Infinite Life"). These names are not, however, very commonly used. In Vietnamese , Korean , and Japanese, the same Chinese characters 阿彌陀佛 are used to represent his name, though they are pronounced slightly differently:
In Japanese, he is also called 阿弥陀如来 ''Amida Nyorai'', meaning "Amitābha the Tathāgata ". In Tibetan , Amitābha is called '' 'od.dpag.med'' and, as Amitāyus, ''tshe.dpag.med''. ICONOGRAPHY on the viewer's right and Guānyīn on the right.]] It can be difficult to distinguish Amitābha from statue of Amitābha)) or the exposition mudrā, while the earth-touching mudrā (right hand pointed downward over the right leg, palm inward) is reserved for a seated Śākyamuni alone. When standing, Amitābha is often shown with his left arm bare and extended downward with thumb and forefinger touching, with his right hand facing outward also with thumb and forefinger touching. The meaning of this Mudra is that wisdom (symbolized by the raised hand) is accessible to even the lowest beings, while the outstretched hand shows that Amitabha's compassion is directed at the lowest beings, who cannot save themselves. When not depicted alone, Amitābha is often portrayed with two assistants: Avalokiteśvara ( Guānyīn ) who appears on his right and Mahāsthāmaprāpta (Dà Shì Zhì) who appears on his left. In Tibetan Buddhism, Amitābha is red in color (red being the color of love, compassion, and emotional energy). His direction is west and so he is envisioned as the (red) setting Sun . He is seen as the supreme power and energy of nature, cast on an earthly plain, accessible to all sentient beings. For this reason he is considered one of the most popular of all Dhyāni Buddhas . His unique emblem is the Lotus . He is thus associated with the attributes of the lotus: gentleness, openness, and purity. ARCHEOLOGICAL ORIGINS The first known Epigraphic evidence for Amitābha is the bottom part of a statue found in Govindnagar, Pakistan and now located at the Mathura Museum. The statue is dated to "the 28th year of the reign of Huvishka " (i.e., sometime in the latter half of the second century CE, during the period of the Empire ), and was apparently dedicated to "Amitābha Buddha" by a family of merchants. The first known sutra mentioning Amitābha is the translation into Chinese of the Pratyutpanna Sūtra by the monk Lokaksema around 180 CE . This work is said to be at the origin of Pure Land practice in China. The appearance of such literature and sculptural remains at the end of the 2nd century suggests that the doctrine of Amitābha probably developed during the 1st and 2nd centuries CE . SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS
Meeting The Buddhas by Vessantara, published by Windhorse Publications 2003 |
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