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Former President of India, Dr.Abdul Kalam , is considered one of the people responsible for the success of IGMDP. MISSILES IN INDIAN HISTORY by Indian troops against the British Army.]] The use of rockets and missiles by Indians dates back to the 18th century, during the period of Tipu Sultan . During the fight against the British, Tipu Sultan's Army used a number of rockets, to thwart the British invasion (See '' Tipu Sultan ''). It was the first use of rockets for fighting wars. Tipu's rockets were far more advanced than any other at the time, and had been fully integrated into his Army, which were under special Rocket Brigades called ''Kushoons''. These were extremely effective in Battle, and completely scattered the British Armies. These rockets were later developed by the British as Congreve Rocket s. In the twentieth century, the government of 2006 . However, by this time, DRDL had developed the infrastructure and facilities to undertake the design and development of missiles. In 1983, under the leadership of Dr. Abdul Kalam , the Indian government revived the missile program as an Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP). The main aim of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program was to develop, a missile in five different categories simultaneously, namely: a short-range surface-to-air missile (''codenamed'' Trishul), a medium-range surface-to-air missile (''codenamed'' '''Akash'''), a third-generation anti-tank guided missile (''codenamed'' '''Nag'''), a short-range surface-to-surface missile (''codenamed'' '''Prithvi'''), and an intermediate-range surface-to-surface missile (''codenamed'' '''Agni'''). Indian Missile Facilities - DRDL History ''accessed'' 18 October 2006 . There were a number of failures and successes, which led to an expansion of the program in the 1990s, to develop the long range Agni Missile , a ballistic missile (''codenamed'' Sagarika), which would be the naval version of the Prithvi, and an inter-continental-ballistic-missile (''codenamed'' '''Surya'''). In 1998, the Government of India, signed an agreement with Russia to design, develop, manufacture and market a Supersonic Anti-Ship Cruise Missile System (''codenamed'' BrahMos). BrahMos Website ''accessed'' 18 October 2006 . AGNI MISSILE SYSTEM See Also: Agni missile system on a road-mobile launcher displayed during the Republic Day Parade of 2004 (Photo: Antônio Milena/ABr)]] The Agni missile (from Sanskrit Agnī meaning "Fire", one of the 5 elements of nature) is an IRBM developed under the IGMDP by India . It was first tested at the Interim Test Range in Chandipur in 1989 , and is capable of carrying a conventional payload of 1000 kg (2,200 lb) or a Nuclear warhead. It consists of one (short range) or two Stages (intermediate range). It is rail and road mobile. It is powered by solid and/or liquid Propellant s. Agni-III is the third in the Agni series of Missile s. The Agni I has a range of 700-800 km while the Agni-II as a range of 2,000–2,500 km. They are claimed to be a part of the "credible Deterrence " against Pakistan and China . The Agni-II can only reach some parts of western China and Asia. missile]] and Beijing with a strike range of 3,500 km. It falls short of the range of ICBM s (intercontinental ballistic missiles) which have ranges over 5,000 km. As reported earlier, a new type of steel that will help to increase the range from 15 to 30% was developed. Agni missile to be tested next year: DRDO On 12th April 2007 Agni-III missile was tested successfully.[http://news.oneindia.in/2007/04/13/agni-iii-launch-was-a-perfect-missiondrdo-chief-1176482083.html Agni-III Launch Was A Perfect Mission:DRDO Chief]
PRITHVI MISSILE SYSTEM The Prithvi missile (from Sanskrit Prithvi "Earth") is the tactical Surface-to-surface short-range Ballistic Missile (SRBM) developed by India under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. The Prithvi was India's first indigenously developed ballistic missile. Development of the Prithvi began in 1983, and it was first test-fired on February 25 , 1988 . It has a range of up to 150 to 300 km. The land variant is called '''Prithvi''' while the naval operational variant of Prithvi I and Prithvi II class missiles are ''codenamed'' '''Dhanush''' (''meaning'' '''Bow'''). Both variants are used for surface targets. The Prithvi is said to have its propulsion technology derived from the Soviet SA-2 surface-to-air missile. Variants make use of either liquid or both liquid and solid fuels. Developed as a battlefield missile, it could carry a nuclear warhead in its role as a tactical Nuclear Weapon . Variants of Prithvi The Prithvi missile project encompassed developing three variants for use by the Indian Army, Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy. The initial project framework of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program outlines the variants in the following manner. Centre for Non Proliferation Studies Archive ''accessed'' 18 October 2006 .
Over the years these specifications underwent a number of changes. While the ''codename'' Prithvi stands for any missile inducted by India into its armed forces in this category, the later developmental versions are codenamed as '''Prithvi II''' and '''Prithvi III'''. The induction of Prithvi I class of missiles happened in 1994 and the armed forces are in the process of inducting the extended range, Prithvi II class of missiles As Of 2006 . Prithvi I Prithvi I class was a single stage liquid-fuelled surface-to-surface missile having a maximum warhead mounting capability of 1000 kg, with a range of 150 km. It has an accuracy of 10 - 50 metres and can be launched from Transporter Erector Launcher s. This class of Prithvi missile was inducted into the Indian Army in 1994. Prithvi II Prithvi II class is also a single stage liquid-fuelled missile having a maximum warhead mounting capability of 1000kg, but with an extended range of 250 kilometres (155 statute miles). It was developed with the Indian Air Force being the primary user. It was first test-fired on January 27, 1996 and the development stages were completed in 2004. The Prithvi II class of missiles are in the process of induction by the Indian Airforce. Prithvi III Prithvi III class (''codenamed'' '''Sagarika''' ''meaning'' '''Oceanic''') Article in The Tribune , dated 7 September 1998 , ''accessed'' 18 October 2006 . is a two-stage surface-to-surface missile in the developmental stages. The first stage is solid fuelled with a 16 Metric Ton Force (157 KN ) thrust motor. The second stage is liquid fuelled. The missile can carry a 1000 kg warhead to a distance of 350 km and a 500 kg warhead to a distance of 600 kilometres and a 250 kilogram warhead up to a distance of 750 kilometres. The design is developed while keeping the navy in mind. Sagarika will be a nuclear-capable, cruise missile, capable of being mounted in ships or submarines. Considering the upward capability developments, Prithvi class of missiles could be reclassified from short-range ballistic missile to a medium range ballistic missile. The current codename of the operational variant '''Dhanush''' could pave way for the new codename Sagarika as Sagarika becomes operational. Dhanush was successfully tested on 2006 . There were a number of shortcoming in the initial version of Prithvi missiles namely, High circular error probability (CEP) of around 500 meters and volatility of the liquid-fuelled propulsion system requiring fuelling only just before launching. These shortcomings are being overcome in the latest developmental versions by incorporating of global positioning system (GPS) into the missiles to reduce the CEP to as low as 10 to 15 meters and use of solid fuel in the propulsion system. Prithvi 'user trial' undertaken AKASH MISSILE SYSTEM Akash (in Sanskrit meaning '''Sky''') is a medium range surface-to-air missile developed as part of India 's Integrated Guided Missile Development Program to achieve self-sufficiency in the area of surface-to-air missiles. Akash is a medium-range surface-to-air missile with an 2006 . Latest reports indicate that the missile can be completely guided by the Radar, without any active guidance of its own, which allows it to defeat any countermeasures, and also gives no warning to the aircraft that it is being attacked. Design of the missile is much similar to SA-6 with four long tube ramjet inlet ducts mounted mid-body between wings. For pitch/yaw control four clipped triangular moving wings are mounted on mid-body. For roll control four inline clipped delta fins with ailerons are mounted before the tail. While the missile meant for the Army can be launched from tracked vehicles such as battle tanks, the Air Force version can take off from wheeled vehicles. Three ready-to-fire Akash missiles can be carried in a battle tank. The missiles can take off in different directions and destroy multiple targets. Akash can be deployed by rail, road or air. The first test flight of Akash missile was conducted in 1990, with development flights up to March 1997. The IAF has initiated the process to induct the Akash and Trishul Surface-to-air Missile s developed as a part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. Multiple targets handling capability of Akash weapon system was demonstrated by live firing in C4I environment. Two Akash missiles intercepted two fast moving targets in simultaneous engagement mode back in 2005. 3-D central acquisition radar (3-D car) group mode performance is also fully established.[http://frontierindia.net/iaf-initiates-process-for-inducting-akash-and-trishul-sams/ IAF initiates process for inducting Akash and Trishul SAM’s] Official website for Akash SAM www.akashsam.com TRISHUL MISSILE SYSTEM Trishul (Sanskrit for Trident ) is the name of a short range Surface-to-air Missile developed by India as a part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. It has a range of 9 km and is fitted with a 5.5 kg Warhead . Designed to be used against low-level (sea skimming) targets at short range, the system has been developed to defend Naval vessels against missiles and also as a short range surface to air missile on land. Guidance consists of three different guiding beams, with the guidance handed over progressively to a narrower beam as the missile approaches the target. According to reports, the range of the missile is 12 km and is fitted with a 15 kg warhead. The weight of the missile is 130 kg. The length of the missile is 3.1 m. NAG MISSILE SYSTEM Nag ( Sanskrit for "cobra") is India's third generation " Fire-and-forget " Anti-tank Missile . It is an all weather, Top Attack Missile with a range of 4 to 7 km. The missile uses an 8 kg tandem HEAT Warhead capable of defeating modern armour including ERA ( Explosive Reactive Armour ) and Composite Armour . Nag uses Imaging Infra-Red (IIR) guidance with day and night capability. Mode of launch for the IIR seeker is LOBL (Lock On Before Launch). Nag can be mounted on an infantry vehicle; a helicopter launched version will also be available with integration work being carried out with the HAL Dhruv . Separate versions for the Army and the Air Force are being developed. For the Army, the missiles will be carried by specialist carrier vehicles (NAMICA-Nag Missile Carrier) equipped with a thermal imager for target acquisition. NAMICA is a modified BMP-2 ICV licence produced as "Sarath" in India. The carriers are capable of carrying four ready-to-fire missiles in the observation/launch platform which can be elevated with more missiles available for reload within the carrier. For the Air Force, a nose-mounted thermal imaging system has been developed for guiding the missile's trajectory. The missile has a complete fiberglass structure and weighs around 42 kg. Nag was successfully test fired for the 45th time on March 19 , 2005 from the Test Range at Ahmednagar ( Maharastra ), signalling the completion of the developmental phase. It will now enter production phase, subject to user trials and acceptance by the Indian Army . Further versions of the missile may make use of an all-weather Milli Metric Wave (MMW) seeker as an additional option. This seeker has reportedly been developed and efforts are on to integrate it into the missile. Specifications Total length: 1.90 m (6.23 ft) Diameter: 190 mm (7.5 in) Wingspan: - Weight: 42 kg (93 lb) Warhead Weight: 8 kg (17.6 lb) Propellant: Tandem Propulsion solid (Nitramine based smokeless extruded double band sustainer propellant) Maximum effective range: 4 km (Guidance mode: IIR (Imaging infra-red)), 7 km for air-launched variant Attack Mode: Lock-on-before-Launch - Top attack Seeker: IIR cadmium zinc telluride Single-shot hit probability: 0.77 CEP: 0.9 m R.S ASTRA MISSILE SYSTEM |
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