Information AboutAdhesives |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT ADHESIVE | |
| adhesives | |
| art materials | |
| printing | |
|
An adhesive is a compound that Adheres or bonds two items together. Adhesives may come from either natural or Synthetic sources. Some modern adhesives are extremely strong, and are becoming increasingly important in modern construction and industry. HISTORY The first adhesives were Natural Gum s and other plant Resin s. Archaeologists have found 6000-year-old Ceramic vessels that had broken and been repaired using plant resin. Most early adhesives were Animal Glue s made by rendering animal products such as the Native American use of Buffalo hooves. Native Americans in what is now the eastern United States used a mixture of Spruce gum and fat as adhesives and as Caulk to waterproof seams in their birchbark canoes. During the times of Babylon ia, tar-like glue was used for gluing statues. Also, Egypt was one of the most prominent users of adhesives. The Egyptians used animal glues to adhere tombs, furniture, ivory, and papyrus. Also, the Mongols used adhesives to make their short bows. In Europe in the Middle Ages, egg whites were used to decorate parchments with gold leaves. In the 1700s , the first glue factory was founded in Holland, which manufactured Hide Glue . Later, in the 1750s , the British introduced fish glue. As the modernization continued, new patents were issued by using rubber, bones, starch, fish, and casein. Modern adhesives have improved flexibility, toughness, curing rate, temperature and chemical resistance. (HSL) CATEGORIES OF ADHESIVES Natural adhesives Adhesives from inorganic mineral sources, or biological sources such as vegetable matter, natural resins, animal skin, and Bioadhesives Synthetic adhesives Adhesives based on Elastomers , Thermoplastic , and Thermosetting adhesives. Drying adhesives These adhesives are a mixture of ingredients (typically Polymers ) dissolved in a Solvent . Glues such as white glue, and Rubber Cement s are members of the ''drying adhesive'' family. As the solvent evaporates, the adhesive hardens. Depending on the chemical composition of the adhesive, they will adhere to different materials to greater or lesser degrees. These adhesives are typically weak and are used for household applications. Some intended for use by small children are now made non-toxic. Contact adhesives ''Contact adhesive'' is one which must be applied to both surfaces and allowed some time to dry before the two surfaces are pushed together. Some contact adhesives require as long as 24 hours to dry before the surfaces are to be held together Information about contact adhesive . Once the surfaces are pushed together the bond forms very quickly Definition of ''contact adhesive'' on About.com , hence it is usually not necessary to apply pressure for a long time. This means that there is no need to use Clamps , which is convenient. Natural Rubber and Polychloroprene (Neoprene) are commonly used contact adhesives. Both of these elastomers undergo Strain Crystallization . When an adhesive bond containing either of these materials is pulled apart, the elastomer is strained, develops crystallites, and actually becomes stronger than in the original, unstressed, state. Contact adhesives find use in Laminates , such as bonding Formica to a wooden counter, and in Footwear , for example attachment of an outsole to an upper. Hot adhesives (thermoplastic adhesives) See Also: Hot glue Also known as "hot melt" adhesives, these adhesives are Thermoplastic s; they are applied hot and simply allowed to harden as they cool. These adhesives have become popular for crafts because of their ease of use and the wide range of common materials to which they can adhere. A glue gun, pictured right, is one method of applying a hot adhesive. The glue gun melts the solid adhesive and then allows the liquid to pass through the "barrel" of the gun onto the material where it solidifies. Paul E. Cope 2003 is reputed to have invented thermoplastic glue 1940 while working for Procter & Gamble as a chemical and packaging engineer. His invention solved a problem with water based adhesives that were commonly used in packaging at that time. Water based adhesives often released in humid climates which caused packages to open and become damaged. Mr. Cope was a graduate of the University of Cincinnati College of Engineering. He advanced at Procter & Gamble to become Associate Director, Head of Packaging Engineering. After spending 40 years with P&G, he retired in 1973. Patents issued to Paul Cope include the laminated toothpaste tube and this for In Package Sterilization Reactive adhesives A reactive adhesive works by chemical bonding with the surface material. They are applied in thin films. Reactive adhesives are less effective when there is a secondary goal of filling gaps between the surfaces. These include two-part epoxy, peroxide, silane, metallic cross-links, or isocyanate. Such adhesives are frequently used to prevent loosening of bolts and screws in rapidly moving assemblies, such as automobile engines. They are largely responsible for the quieter running modern car engines. UV and Light Curing Adhesives Typically, these adhesives fully cure in seconds upon exposure to UV or visible light of the proper wavelengths, intensity, and duration. Some formulations are "fixtured" with UV light, but require additional time or curing mechanisms to achieve full cure. UV curing adhesives can be formulated with a wide variety of properties (low to high viscosity, flexible to rigid, clear to colored, adhesion to glass/plastics/metals/ceramics, depth of cure to >1/2"). Pressure sensitive adhesives See Also: Pressure sensitive adhesive Pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) form a bond by the application of light pressure to marry the adhesive with the adherend. They are designed with a balance between flow and resistance to flow. The bond forms because the adhesive is soft enough to flow, or wet, the adherend. The bond has strength because the adhesive is hard enough to resist flow when stress is applied to the bond. Once the adhesive and the adherend are in close proximity, molecular interactions, such as Van Der Waals' Forces , become involved in the bond, contributing significantly to its ultimate strength. Pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are designed for either permanent or removable applications. Examples of permanent applications include safety labels for power equipment, foil tape for HVAC duct work, automotive interior trim assembly, and sound/vibration damping films. Some high performance permanent PSAs exhibit high adhesion values and can support kilograms of weight per square centimeter of contact area, even at elevated temperature. Permanent PSAs may be initially removable (for example to recover mislabeled goods) and build adhesion to a permanent bond after several hours or days. Removable adhesives are designed to form a temporary bond, and ideally can be removed after months or years without leaving residue on the adherend. Removable adhesives are used in applications such as surface protection films, masking tapes, bookmark and note papers, price marking labels, promotional graphics materials, and for skin contact (wound care dressings, EKG electrodes, athletic tape, analgesic and transdermal drug patches, etc.). Some removable adhesives are designed to repeatedly stick and unstick. They have low adhesion and generally can not support much weight. Pressure sensitive adhesives are manufactured with either a liquid carrier or in 100% solid form. Articles are made from liquid PSAs by coating the adhesive and drying off the solvent or water carrier. They may be further heated to initate a Crosslinking reaction and increase Molecular Weight . 100% solid PSAs may be low viscosity polymers that are coated and then reacted with radiation to increase molecular weight and form the adhesive; or they may be high viscosity materials that are heated to reduce viscosity enough to allow coating, and then cooled to their final form. Also see Adhesive Tape , Blu-tack and Gaffer Tape . Plastic Wrap displays temporary adhesive properties as well. MECHANISMS OF ADHESION The strength of attachment, or adhesion, between an adhesive and its substrate depends on many factors, including the means by which this occurs. Adhesion may occur either by mechanical means, in which the adhesive works its way into small pores of the substrate, or by one of several chemical mechanisms. In some cases an actual Chemical Bond occurs between adhesive and substrate. In others electrostatic forces, as in static electricity, hold the substances together. A third chemical method involves Van Der Waal's Forces which develop between each's molecules. A fourth chemical means involves the moisture-aided diffusion of the glue into the substrate, followed by hardening. FAILURE OF THE ADHESIVE JOINT When subjected to loading, debonding may occur at different locations in the adhesive joint. The major fracture types are the following Cohesive fracture “Cohesive” fracture" is obtained if a crack propagates in the bulk polymer which constitutes the adhesive. In this case the surfaces of both adherents after debonding will be covered by fractured adhesive. The crack may propagate in the centre of the layer or near an interface. For this last case, the “cohesive” fracture can be said to be “cohesive near the interface”. Most quality control standards consider that a “good” adhesive bonding must be “cohesive”. Interfacial fracture The fracture is “adhesive” or “interfacial” when debonding occurs between the adhesive and the adherent. In most cases, the occurrence of “interfacial” fracture for a given adhesive goes along with a smaller fracture toughness. The “interfacial” character of a fracture surface is usually detected by visual inspection, but advanced surface characterisation techniques such as spectrophotometry allows to identify the precise location of the crack path in the interphase. Other types of fracture Beside these two cases, other type of fracture are
DESIGN OF ADHESIVE JOINTS A general design rule is a relation of the type: "Material Properties > Function (geometry, loads)" The engineering work will consist in having a good model to evaluate the "Function". For most adhesive joints, this can be achieved using Fracture Mechanics . Concepts such as the stress concentration factor K and the energy release rate G can be used to predict failure. In such models, the behavior of the adhesive layer itself is neglected and only the adherents are considered. Failure will also very much depend on the opening "mode" of the joint.
As the loads are usually fixed, an acceptable design will result from combination of a material selection procedure and geometry modifications, if possible. In adhesively bonded structures, the global geometry and loads are fixed by structural considerations and the design procedure focuses on the “material properties” of the adhesive (i.e. select a "good" adhesive) and on local changes on the geometry. Increasing the joint resistance is usually obtained by designing its geometry so that:
TESTING THE RESISTANCE OF THE ADHESIVE A wide range of testing devices have been imagined to evaluate the fracture resistance of bonded structures in pure mode I, pure mode II or in mixed mode. Most of these devices are beam type specimens. We will very shortly review the most popular:
POLYURETHANE-BASED ADHESIVES IN THE BOOKBINDING INDUSTRY On the way to a new and better glue for bookbinders, a new adhesive system was introduced in 1985. The base for this system is polyether or polyester, with polyurethane (PUR) being used as prepolymer. Its special features are coagulation at room temperature and reaction to moisture. Developmental history 1st Generation (Introduced at Drupa , 1988) - Low starting solidity - High viscosity - Drying time of more than 3 days 2nd Generation (Introduced at Drupa, 1996) - Low starting solidity - High viscosity - Drying time of less than 3 days 3rd Generation (Introduced at Drupa, 2000) - Good starting solidity - Low viscosity - Drying time between 6 and 16 hours 4th Generation (Current as at 2007) - Good starting solidity - Very low viscosity - Drying time is just a few seconds due to Dual-Core-Systems Advantages PUR glue is a real wonder compared to hotmelt and cold glue. Without moisture in the glue, papers with the wrong grain direction can be processed without problems, as can printed and supercalandered paper. It is the most economical glue with an application thickness of only 0.01 mm in theory; however, in practice it is not possible to apply less than 0.03 mm. PUR glue is very weatherproof and is stable at temperatures from -40°C to +100°C. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klebstoff SEE ALSO REFERENCES EXTERNAL LINKS
|
|
|