| 49th Parallel |
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| CATEGORIES ABOUT 49TH PARALLEL NORTH | |
| boundaries of u.s. states | |
| canadian-american relations | |
| forty-ninth parallel | |
| geographic history of the united states | |
| lines of latitude | |
| surveying | |
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The 49th parallel of north Latitude forms part of the United States-Canadian Border from Manitoba to British Columbia on the Canadian side and from Minnesota to Washington on the U.S. side, or from the Lake Of The Woods to the Strait Of Georgia . Its use as the International Border is a result of the Anglo-American Convention Of 1818 and the Oregon Treaty of 1846 . HISTORY Following the . This convention established the boundary only between the Lake Of The Woods and the Rocky Mountains ; west of the Rockies, the convention established joint occupation of the Oregon Country by both parties. A geographical oversight resulted in the creation of the Northwest Angle . Although the Convention of 1818 settled the boundary from the point of view of the non-Aboriginal powers, neither the United Kingdom nor the United States was immediately sovereign over the territories on its side of the line: effective control still rested with the local nations, mainly the Métis , Assiniboine , Lakota and Blackfoot . Their sovereignty was gradually ceded by conquest and treaty during the several decades that followed. Among these nations, the 49th parallel was nicknamed the Medicine Line because of its seemingly magical ability to prevent U.S. soldiers from crossing it. In the 1844 U.S. Presidential Election , the Democratic Party asserted that the northern border of the Oregon Territory should be 54°40′, later reflected in the 1846 slogan " Fifty-Four Forty Or Fight !" However, the Oregon Boundary Dispute was settled diplomatically in the 1846 Oregon Treaty. This agreement divided the Oregon Country between British North America and the United States by extending the 49th parallel boundary to the west coast, ending in the Strait Of Georgia ; it then circumvents Vancouver Island through Haro Strait and the Strait Of Juan De Fuca . This had the side-effect of isolating Point Roberts, Washington . AS BORDER and Surrey, British Columbia .]] Although parts of Vancouver Island and much of Eastern Canada are located south of the 49th parallel, and parts of the United States ( Alaska , Northwest Angle ) are located north of it, the term ''49th parallel'' is sometimes used as a nickname for the entire Canada-U.S. border. This can be misleading, since many of Canada's most populated regions are well south of the 49th parallel, including the two largest cities Toronto (44° north) and Montreal (46° north), the federal capital Ottawa (45¼° north) and the capital cities of all provinces except Alberta , Saskatchewan and Manitoba . The three Maritime Provinces are each located entirely south of the 49th parallel. Parts of the 49th parallel were originally surveyed using astronomical techniques that did not take into account slight departures of the Earth's shape from a simple Ellipsoid , and the surveys were subject to the limitations of early to mid 19th-century technology. As a result, in some places the surveyed 49th parallel is as much as several hundred feet from the actual geographical 49th parallel for the currently adopted Datum , WGS84 . The Digital Chart Of The World (DCW), which uses the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid, reports the border on average at latitude 48° 59′ 51″ north, roughly 270 m (290 yd) south of the modern 49th parallel. It ranges between 48° 59′ 25″ and 49° 0′ 10″ north, respectively 810 m (885 yd) and 590 m (645 yd) on either side of the average. In any case, the Earth's North Pole moves around slightly, notionally moving the 49th and other parallels with it - see Polar Motion . While the United States and Canada have not disputed the boundary from the original survey lines, the difference of the survey from the geographical 49th parallel was argued in front of the Washington Supreme Court in the case of ''State of Washington v. Norman,'' under the premise that Washington did not properly incorporate the portions of land north of the geographical 49th parallel, as laid out by detailed GPS surveying. The court decided against the premise, ruling that the internationally surveyed boundary also served as the state boundary, regardless of its actual position. MONUMENTS ON THE BORDER border]]
OTHER COUNTRIES in Karlsruhe , (Germany)]] Around the world, the 49th parallel also passes through: SEE ALSO
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