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354th Fighter Wing
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August 20, 1993-present
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11th Air Force
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354th Operations Group<BR>354th Maintenance Group<BR>354th Mission Support Group<BR>354th Medical Group
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The is the host wing at Eielson Air Force Base , Alaska , and is assigned to the 11th Air Force .
The wing replaced the 343rd Fighter Wing on 20 August 1993 as part of a service-wide effort to preserve the lineage of the Air Force’s most honored wings. Prior to its inactivation, the 343d was the oldest surviving air combat unit in Alaska , with a lineage dating back to the Aleutian Campaign .
The 18th Fighter Squadron , whose history also dated back to World War II, remained active, but the 355th Fighter Squadron replaced the 11th TASS.
Also changing names were the 3rd Fighter Training Squadron, which became the 353rd Fighter Squadron (later Combat Training Squadron). The 353rd FS and 355th FS had long associations with the new host unit.
All 354th Fighter Wing Aircraft carry the tail code "AK". 18th FS F-16s carry a blue tail stripe, while 355th FS A-10s carry a black tail stripe.
Prior to its move to Alaska, the 354th FW was based for more than 35 years at Myrtle Beach Air Force Base , South Carolina .
The 354th Operations Group directs operations, training, and standardization of F-16CG and A/OA-10 weapons systems providing day-night combat ready forces for worldwide deployment conducting air-to-air and air-to-ground missions. Provides training and support for expeditionary combat employment of wing assigned aircraft across a full spectrum of aerospace operations. Functions as primary liaison between the FAA , Army , and Air Force on all airpower applications.
The 354th Operations Support Squadron trains for and supports worldwide expeditionary combat employment for wing assigned F-16CG and A/OA-10 Aircraft . Support includes airspace and flying hour programming, life support, operations training, weapons and tactics, intelligence, operations plans, and theater battle management systems. Responsible for local air traffic control, weather service, and airfield management.
sits on the tarmac at Eielson before a mission]]
The 18th Fighter Squadron is a combat-ready fighter squadron that equips and trains for worldwide deployment and combat employment of 18 F-16CG aircraft in support of JCS Operations Plans and contingency taskings. Prepares for expeditionary employment in day/night air interdiction, close air support, forward air control, counter-air, and combat search and rescue roles primarily using precision-guided munitions.
The 355th Fighter Squadron is a combat-ready fighter squadron that equips and trains for deployment and combat employment of 18 A/OA-10 aircraft in support of JCS Operations Plans and contingency taskings. Prepares for worldwide expeditionary employment in day/night close air support, forward air control, air interdiction, and combat search and rescue missions. Provides six pilots to serve as air-to-ground liaison officers, controlling and employing conventional munitions in the Joint Air-Land-Battle.
The 3d Air Support Operations Squadron supports the 172d Stryker Brigade Combat Team (172 SBCT) , four subordinate battalions, and a separate Airborne Task Force. Functions as the primary liaison between Army and Air Force on all tactical air power applications. Advises and assists ground commanders. Coordinates and controls close air support (CAS), theater airlift, and reconnaissance. Operates the airfield weather station and provides combat weather support.
The 353d Combat Training Squadron is responsible for the Pacific-Alaska Range Complex and orchestration of joint and combined major force exercises. A one time subordinate of the 11th Air Force it is, as of October 2006, a part of the 354th Operations Group , based at Eielson AFB , Alaska .
The ''354th Maintenance Group'' provides aircraft and munitions maintenance support to the F-16 and A-10 aircraft as well as Red Flag - Alaska , transient and special mission aircraft operating at Eielson AFB . Aircraft maintenance in Alaskan temperatures ranging from 90 degrees in the summer to –60 degrees in the winter can be demanding, but no matter what conditions prevail in this beautiful land of extremes the men and women of the Maintenance Group “keep ‘em flying.” The 354th Maintenance Group staff includes command, quality assurance, information management, engineering technical services and weapons training functions. In addition, three squadrons are assigned under the group:
The ''354th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron'' provides aircraft sortie production and weapons loading support for the Wing’s F-16 and A-10 aircraft. In addition to a command staff, the Aircraft Maintenance Squadron has two Aircraft Maintenance Units aligned with each of the Wing’s Fighter Squadrons. The 18th Aircraft Maintenance Unit supports the 18th Fighter Squadron’s F-16 aircraft while the 355th Aircraft Maintenance Unit supports the 355th Fighter Squadron’s A-10 aircraft. In each of these Aircraft Maintenance Units are the aircraft crew chiefs, system specialists, weapons loaders, maintenance schedulers, support personnel and production leaders who are tasked to deploy and generate aerospace power anytime and anywhere.
The ''354th Maintenance Squadron'' provides heavy aircraft maintenance and munitions support for the Wing’s F-16 and A-10 . In addition, the squadron provides aircraft maintenance and munitions support to Cope Thunder , transient, and special mission aircraft operating at Eielson AFB . In this squadron are the command staff, avionics, propulsion, accessory maintenance, armament, fabrication, aerospace ground equipment, munitions maintenance and support personnel who are also tasked to deploy and support aerospace power anytime and anywhere.
The ''354th Maintenance Operations Squadron'' is responsible for all of the group's maintenance training, aircraft engine data management, maintenance operations as well as maintenance plans and programs. The squadron also provides administrative support for the group staff functions and is also tasked to deploy and support aerospace power anytime and anywhere.
The 354th Mission Support Group supports the by providing combat-ready forces, equipment, and essential services while sustaining base infrastructure and providing programs to improve quality of life for the Eielson community. From family services to construction and security, the 354th Mission Support Group keeps the physical installation and its personnel performing at peak efficiency, despite the challenging arctic weather conditions presented by interior Alaska . The group also provides a comfortable home for Eielson's associate units.
Eielson operates much like any town and boasts a population of nearly 10,000 people. A big part of the 354th mission is to provide all the services and facilities necessary to make Eielson safe, comfortable, and pleasant for the Iceman Team.
Skilled craftsmen operate a coal-fired heat and power plant, water plant and wastewater treatment facility, making this installation entirely self-sufficient. Security Forces and Fire Department personnel provide a safe environment for our families.
The 354th Mission Support Group manages and maintains over 1,500 military housing units and over 400 dormitory rooms. Other activities such as the dining facility, fitness center, library, skills centers, child development center and clubs are vital to the health and morale of everyone who calls Eielson "home." Logistics Readiness packs, crates, and ships aircraft parts, household goods, freight, and personal automobiles. It manages and maintains the entire base vehicle fleet, including the repair and upkeep of mission essential snow removal equipment. Additionally, it provides all transportation support to Clear Air Force Station , to Red Flag - Alaska personnel, and to the Arctic Survival School. Logistics Readiness also provides fuel, supplies and mobility support to accomplish mission requirements. In addition, manages the war reserve/mobility readiness spares packages and base mobility bags, issues cold weather clothing to all military personnel, and provides aircraft equipment/spares for Red Flag - Alaska exercises. Contracting leads market research; provides business advice and acquisition planning for solicitation, executes award, and performs contract administration; and ensures performance management for all installation acquisition requirements relating to the alteration, repair and maintenance to existing facilities, architect-engineering design requirements, and brand new construction.
The squadrons assigned to the 354th Mission Support Group include the 354th Civil Engineer Squadron, 354th Communications Squadron, 354th Contracting Squadron, 354th Logistics Readiness Squadron, 354th Mission Support Squadron, 354th Security Forces Squadron, and 354th Services Squadron.
- 354th Civil Engineer Squadron
- 354th Communications Squadron
- 354th Contracting Squadron
- 354th Logistics Readiness Squadron
- 354th Mission Support Squadron
- 354th Security Forces Squadron
- 354th Services Squadron
The 354th Medical Group provides outpatient managed healthcare for all active-duty military members and TRICARE eligible beneficiaries living in the Eielson area. In addition, its dental clinic provides care for all active-duty military members.
The medical clinic operates two primary care panels; one staffed by the primary care clinic and the other by the flight surgeons office. In addition, specialty clinics are available for pediatrics, optometry, physical therapy, immunizations, and life skills support. Pharmacy, laboratory and x-ray services are located in the clinic.
Bassett Army Community Hospital (BACH) on Fort Wainwright serves as the Eielson clinic's referral source for some specialty and inpatient care. Fairbanks Memorial Hospital , located twenty miles north of Eielson AFB , is a Level-II trauma center and is utilized as a local referral source for procedures beyond our scope of care. Other specialty services are available by referral to the 3d Medical Group at Elmendorf AFB in Anchorage, Alaska , Madigan Army Medical Center at Fort Lewis , Washington , or civilian care in the Anchorage area as needed.
Dental services available for active-duty members include the full spectrum of general dentistry care, including endodontics, oral surgery, periodontics, and prosthetics. The dental staff also provides educational services to base schools and assists other organizations with dental disease prevention programs. Dental care for dependents is provided through the United Concordia Dental Plan.
- 354th Dental Squadron
- 354th Medical Operations Squadron
- 354th Medical Support Squadron
- (November 1942 - March 1946)
- (November 1956 - July 1958)---
- (July 1958 - October 1991)
- (October 1991 - March 1993, August 1993 - Present)
Notes:
- Wing bestowed honors, lineage and history of World War II 354th Fighter Group on 19 November 1956.
- --- The 354th Fighter Group was redesignated as the 117th Fighter Group and allotted to the Alabama Air National Guard on 24 May 1946. The redesignation and the allotment were, however, revoked and nullified on 26 September 1956. At the same time the 117th group was constituted and allotted to ANG, effective 24 May 1946. Thus the 117th group is not related in any way to the 354th group.
United States Army Air Forces
- Hamilton AAfld , California (November 1942 - January 1943)
- Tonapah , Nevada , (January - March 1943)
- Santa Rosa AAfld, California (March - June 1943)
- Portland AAB , Oregon (June - October 1943)
- RAF Greenham Common , England (November 1943)
- RAF Boxted , England (November 1943 - April 1944)
- RAF Lashenden , England , (April - June 1944)
- Various ALGs, France & Germany (June 1944 - May 1945)
- Herzogenaurach, Germany , (May 1945 - February 1946)
- Bolling Field , D. C. , (February - March 1946)
United States Air Force
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Initially at Kusan, the 354th supported two F-100C Air National Guard fighter squadrons which were deployed to replace the Regular Air Force units that had been rushed there as a response to the Pueblo Crisis. The 354th Combat Support Group at Kusan consisted primarily of ANG and Air Force Reservists from other units, with these personnel being assigned to the headquarters, support, supply and maintenance squadrons.
Florida - Attached to 354th TFW at Kusan AB South Korea -
1 April 1970 . In 1980, this aircraft was sold to the Egyptian Air Force.]]
In some respects, the Air Guardsmen in South Korea had much more difficult assignments than their counterparts in South Vietnam. With the exception of personnel in the two fighter squadrons, most Air Guardsmen in South Korea were individuals who had been transferred from their original units after mobilization and reassigned to new organizations. This wholesale violation of unit integrity had a severe impact on morale and required time-consuming reorganization.
Ironically, the ANG personnel assigned to the 354th at Kusan had to rebuild the support service units that had been stripped from them in the United States after their mobilization. This caused many public complaints by disgruntled Air Guardsmen. Although these problems were gradually resolved, many Air Guardsmen believed that they could have been avoided if their original units had deployed overseas intact.
The performance of the ANG units at Kusan in 1968-69 suggested the prerequisites of effective air reserve programs and paved the way for adoption of the total force policy in 1970 which exists today.
On
10 June 1968 , the ANG squadrons returned to the United States after the men of the Pueblo were released, and for 10 days in South Korea the 354 TFW was again without tactical components.
The experience of the F-100's in Korea showed the Air Force that the F-100C was not a good air defense aircraft. The F-100s were aging and clearly unsuited to the most pressing operational responsibilities in the event of an attack by the North Koreans. In addition, the F-100's were slow in attaining altitude and lacked an affective all-weather, air-to-air combat capability, essential in Korea. Consequently, the 354th transitioned from the F-100s of the ANG to F-4E Phantoms deploying from CONUS-based Regular USAF units.
On
April 15 1969 , a Navy EC-121 reconnaissance plane was shot down by North Koreans about 90 miles southeast of the North Korean port of Chongjin. U.S. radar tracked two NKAF MiGs before the aircraft was shot down. They attempted to warn the aircraft, but the MiGs caught up with the slow-flying aircraft. All of its 31 crew members were killed. The bodies of only two crew members were recovered. Error was blamed on a North Korean ground-to-air controller's command and control error to the pilot.
. 976 and 989 were retired to AMARC in 1992, 970 is on permanent display at the Museum of the United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.]]
As a result of the heightened tensions, on
23 April the was established at Kusan and attached to the 354 TFW. F-4Es from Eglin AFB were deployed to Kusan and assigned to the 421st, with support personnel from the 4th TFS - deployed from Eglin to
Da Nang Air Base South Vietnam were sent TDY to Kusan to support the 421st.
At the end of tensions on
26 June 1969 , the 421 TFS was deactivated at Kusan, with the aircraft being sent to Da Nang as replacements along with the TDY personnel.
On
14 June 1970 , the 354 TFW at Kusan was deactivated with the new being activated in place. The 16th and 478th TFSs were transferred and attached to the 54th.
The 354th Tactical Fighter Wing was transferred (without personnel or equipment) back to Myrtle Beach AFB, SC on
15 June 1970 , absorbing the resources of the 4554th TFW at Myrtle Beach AFB, SC. The 354 TFW was charged with combat crew training in T-33s and with becoming proficient in
A-7D aircraft, with the first aircraft arriving in November 1970
On
1 November 1970 , the 355 TFS was reactivated and was reassigned to the 354 TFW, being the first Myrtle Beach squadron to be equipped with A-7D's.
The was activated as placeholder unit on
15 January 1971 to receive new A-7D aircraft. On
15 May 1971 , the 356 TFS returned from
Misawa AB Japan , and was reassigned to the 354 TFW, absorbing the assets of the 4556th TFS which was deactivated.
On
15 July 1971 , the 353 TFS returned from
Torrejon AB, Spain , and was reassigned to the 354 TFW, receiving its complement of A-7D's. The 511th TFS was inactivated and redesignated the 354th TFS at
Davis-Monthan AFB , Arizona as part of the 355th TFW's reactivation.
Initially, separate
Tail Codes were assigned to the various squadrons of the wing. These were: 353 TFS "MN", 355 TFS "MR" and 356 TFS "MB". In 1972, the squadron tail codes were abolished and all 354 TFW standardized on "MB" for Myrtle Beach AFB. Squadrons were identified by a painted color stripe on the tail of the aircraft, red for the 353d, blue for the 355th and green for the 356th.
On
15 May 1972 the was activated as a training squadron. The T-33's and T-29 were assigned for this mission. The 4554th was inactivated on
15 October 1975 and its aircraft sent to the
Aerospace Maintenance And Regeneration Center .
, 1972]]
However, the 354 TFW did not remain long at Myrtle Beach AFB. In September 1972 the wing split into rear and advance echelons. The 353 and 355 TFSs deployed 72 A-7D's to
Korat Royal Thai AFB, Thailand , while the 356 TFS remained at Myrtle Beach. This was the first combat deployment of the A-7D into
Southeast Asia . This operation was known as Constant Guard VI.
The 354 TFW (Deployed) commenced combat operations from Korat on
16 October 1972 . In addition to the deployment to Korat, a small number of personnel from the 354th were deployed to
Bien Hoa Air Base South Vietnam where they performed turnaround service on A-7Ds through
11 February 1973 .
From Korat, the 354th interdicted lines of communications to halt the flow of
North Vietnamese supplies to enemy units in South Vietnam, provided close air support to ground troops, and escorted surface ship convoys up the
Mekong River to
Phnom Penh ,
Cambodia . During the
Linebacker II campaign, over 4,000 sorties were flown, and the 354th assisted in 22 rescues of downed airmen. The wing earned the
Presidential Unit Citation for its Vietnam war service from September 1972 through January 1973.
In March 1973, A-7D aircraft drawn from the deployed Myrtle Beach squadrons were formed into the and permanently assigned to the host 388 TFW at Korat. The 3 TFS's A-7D's were tail coded "JH" and remained at Korat until the base's closure. In May 1975, former Myrlte Beach A-7D's were used in the SS Mayaguez operation, the last combat action of the United States in Southeast Asia.
In addition to its Myrtle Beach squadrons, the 354 TFW (D) had the following temporary squadrons attached while at Korat:
The 354 TFW flew combat operations in Vietnam until mid-Jan 1973, in
Laos until
22 February 1973 , and in Cambodia until
15 August 1973 .
The last shot fired in anger by United States military forces in Southeast Asia was fired by an A-7D of the deployed 353 TFS assigned to Korat RTAFB on
15 August 1973 . In October the wing rotated personnel at Korat once again, but with the establishment of the 3 TFS in Thailand and the end of American combat in Southeast Asia, the mission of the 354th was ended. Some additional aircraft and equipment were transferred to the 388 TFW, and on
23 May 1974 the wing returned from
Thailand and was recombined at Myrtle Beach AFB.
On
1 February 1974 , the 354th began a 15-month deployment to
Howard AFB in the
Panama Canal Zone to support operation "Coronet Cove". This entailed rotating a contingent of aircraft, aircrews and maintenance technicians to
Panama on 45-day cycles to provide close air support for US Army training exercises for the air defense of the
Panama Canal .
In April 1974, A-7D's were deployed from Myrtle Beach to
Barbers Point NAS, Hawaii for exercises with Army and Marine units. Also T-33A aircraft were deployed to
McConnell AFB, Kansas , to support the USAF Tactical Air Weapons Center's comparative flight evaluation of the A-7D and the
A-10 A aircraft.
354th TFW A-7D's To ANG Units
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- 1979]]
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| State | Unit | Location
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| Colorado | 140 TFW/120 TFS | Buckley ANGB
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| Iowa | 132 TFW/174 TFS | Des Moines IAP
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| Michigan | 127 TFW/107 TFS | Selfridge ANGB
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| Ohio | 121 TFW/166 TFS | Rickenbacker ANGB
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| Oklahoma | 138 TFG/166 TFS | Tulsa IAP
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| Pennsylvania | 112 TFG/146 TFS | Greater Pittsburgh IAP
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| South Carolina | 169 TFG/157 TFS | McEntire ANGB
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| South Dakota | 114 TFG/175 TFS | Sioux Falls IAP
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| Virginia | 92 TFG/149 TFS | Richmond IAP/Byrd Field
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A phaseout of the A-7D at Myrtle Beach AFB started in the summer of 1974, with the A-7D's being transferred to
Air National Guard units. These transfers continued until 1978, when the last A-7D was sent to the South Carolina ANG. In addition, the
T-33 's and V
T-29 of the deactivated 4554th were retired and sent to
AMARC in 1976. The former Myrtle Beach A-7D's continued service in the Air National Guard until the late 1980s, with the last at
Rickenbacker ANGB (Ohio), Des Moines (Iowa), Tulsa (Oklahoma) and Springfield (Ohio) being replaced by the
F-16 by mid-1993. By the end of 1998, all were disposed of by AMARC.
On
22 March 1975 an agreement was made for joint civilian-military aviation activities at the base. Construction began of what is today known as
Myrtle Beach International Airport on the northeast side of the runway on
19 July 1975 . On
20 April 1977 an agreement between the City of
Myrtle Beach and the
Department Of Defense was signed which incorporated the area of Myrtle Beach International Airport into the city.
The 354th converted to
A-10 A aircraft in 1977, with the 354th being the first operational A-10A wing in the USAF, achieving initial combat readiness with the Thunderbolt II during the summer of 1978.
With the A-10 aircraft, the 354th returned to its pre-Vietnam era
NATO commitment, deploying aircraft and personnel to Europe supporting the COMET, CORONET and CRESTED CAP exercises. These deployments were designed to exercise CONUS based Air Force squadrons long range deployment capabilities and to familiarize the personnel with the European theatre of operations.
354th TFW NATO Deployments 1970s/1980s
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| Squadron | Deployment Dates | Deployed To Station | Exercise Name | Aircraft Type (Number)
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| 356 TFS | August - September 1976 | Lechfeld FRG | Coronet REDCOAT | A-7D (18)
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| 355 TFS | Jan - February 1979 | Nordholz FRG | Coronet HOOF | A-10A (18)
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| 353 TFS | September 1980 | Leck FRG | Coronet MACH | A-10A (12)
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| 354 TFW | October 1981 | Hohn FRG | Coronet FRONTIER | A-10A (8)
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| 353 TFS | October - November 1981 | Nordholz FRG | Coronet BOOT | A-10A (12)
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| 353 TFS | August - September 1982 | Leck FRG | Crested Cap | A-10A (12)
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| 355 TFS | August - September 1984 | Nordholz FRG | Crested STEELER | A-10A (12)
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| 353 TFS | July - August 1985 | RAF Woodbridge UK | Crested Comet | A-10A (12)
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| 355 TFS | April - May 1987 | RAF Bentwaters UK | Cornet DELTA | A-10A (12)
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| 353 TFS | June - July 1989 | RAF Bentwaters UK | Cornet PYTHON | A-10A (12)
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| 356 TFS | August - September 1989 | RAF Bentwaters UK | Cornet VENOM | A-10A (12)
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| 355 TFS | April - May 1990 | Verona - Villafranca IT | Coronet Rodeo | A-10A (8)
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During these NATO deployments, exercises with
Army Infantry and
Armored units were conducted to enhance the
Close Air Support role in Europe.
In 1980, the 354th was allocated to
President Carter's Rapid Deployment Force , formally known as the Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force (RDJTF). In 1983 the RDJTF became a separate unified command known as the
U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), focusing on the Middle East.
Within CENTCOM, The 354th was assigned to the
United States Central Command Air Forces (USCENTAF). Starting in 1985, the 354th's A-10 aircraft and personnel were deployed to Cairo West AB, Egypt for BRIGHT STAR exercises. BRIGHT STAR deployments also occurred in 1987 and 1989 from Myrtle Beach AFB.
With the outbreak of the
Kuwait crisis in August 1990, Myrtle Beach AFB deployed the 353 and 355 TFS on
15 August 1990 to
King Fahd International Airport , near
Dammam ,
Saudi Arabia . At the time of the deployment, King Fhad was under construction. At King Fahd, the The 354 TFW (Provisional) was formed. The 354 TFW was one of the first USAF units deployed to the
Persian Gulf for
Operation Desert Shield .
During
Operation Desert Storm , aircraft assigned to the 354th initially flew against early-warning
Radar and
Scud missile sites, as well as
Search-and-rescue missions of downed coalition pilots. When the ground attack began in late February 1991, the 354th performed its ground support mission, inflicting heavy damage to Iraqi
Armor and
Artillery emplacements, as well as cutting off enemy supply lines.
The 354 TFW (P) consisted of 131 A/OA-10A aircraft from the following bases:
| Tail Code | Squadron | Wing | Home AFB
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| AR | 511 TFS | 10 TFW | RAF Alconbury UK
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| EL | 74 TFS | 23 TFW | England AFB LA
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| EL | 76 TFS | 23 TFW | England AFB LA
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| MB | 353 TFS | 354 TFW | Myrtle Beach AFB SC
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| MB | 355 TFS | 354 TFW | Myrtle Beach AFB SC
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| NO | 706 TFS | 926 TFG | NAS New Orleans LA
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| NF | 23 TASS | 602 TACW | Davis - Monthan AFB AZ
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The 354th returned home from the Gulf on
25 March 1991
On
1 October 1991 , the 354 TFW was redesignated the with the inactivation of
Tactical Air Command (TAC) and the wing's reassignment to the new
Air Combat Command (ACC).
After the end of the
Cold War , reductions in defense spending led to the military reducing the size of the armed forces, and the number of facilities both in the United States as well as overseas. In July 1991, the
Base Realignment And Closure Commission recommended the closure of Myrtle Beach Air Force Base and that the Air Force redistribute all aircraft to modernize other Active and Reserve Component units.
The disposition of the A-10 aircraft was as follows:
The 354th Fighter Wing and all supporting groups and squadrons were deactivated on
31 March 1993 . Myrtle Beach AFB was closed as scheduled, ending military control over the facility.
On
20 August 1993 , the 354th Fighter Wing was re-established at
Eieleson AFB, Alaska , with a new mission and organization. No personnel or equipment were affected by the change. This change was part of a service-wide effort to preserve the lineage of the Air Force’s most honored wings. The 353d and 355th Fighter Squadrons were also reactivated at Eieleson.
- Ravenstein, Charles A., ''Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947-1977'', Office of Air Force History, 1984
- Mueller, Robert, ''Air Force Bases Volume I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982'', Office of Air Force History, 1989
- Endicott, Judy G., ''USAF Active Flying, Space, and Missile Squadrons as of 1 October 1995''. Office of Air Force History
- Maurer Maurer, ''Air Force Combat Units Of World War II'', Office of Air Force History, 1983
- Martin, Patrick, ''Tail Code: The Complete History Of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings'', 1994
- USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers--1908 to present
