1861

Year 1861 (''' MDCCCLXI ''') was a Common Year Starting On Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year Starting On Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian Calendar ).

EVENTS OF 1861

January - March

: in 1861]]

January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City

January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV Of Prussia dies and is succeeded by Wilhelm I .

votes not to secede from the Union .

January 9 - Mississippi becomes the second state to secede from the Union , preceding the American Civil War .

secedes from the Union .

secedes from the Union .

secedes from the Union .

resigns from the United States Senate .

secedes from the Union .

January 29 - Kansas is admitted as the 34th U.S. State .

secedes from the Union .

the Confederate States Of America is formed by delegates from six break-away United States .

are formed.

is elected the Provisional President of the Confederate States Of America by the Confederate convention at Montgomery, Alabama .

February 11 - American Civil War : US House unanimously passes resolution guaranteeing non-interference with slavery in any state.

February 13 - End of the Siege Of Gaeta , last stronghold of the Neapolitan King Francis II , by Piedmontese forces. Francis goes into exile.

February 18

--- Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as the provisional president of the Confederate States Of America .

Lincoln

: Confederate Flag .]]

February 19 - Serf dom is Abolished in Russia .

February 23 - President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, DC after an Assassination attempt in Baltimore, Maryland .

February 27 - A crowd in Warsaw protesting Russia n rule over Poland is fired upon by Russian troops killing five protesters.

February 28 - Colorado is organized as a United States Territory .

March 2 - Nevada is organized as a United States Territory .

March 3 - Formal Emancipation Of The Serfs in Imperial Russia .

March 4

---President Abraham Lincoln takes office, succeeding James Buchanan .

---" is adopted as the Flag Of The United Confederate States Of America .

March 10 - El Hadj Umar Tall seizes the city of Segou , destroying the Bambara Empire of Mali .

of the Confederate States Of America is adopted.

March 17 - Proclamation of the kingdom of Italy with Victor Emanuel II as its king.

March 19 - First Taranaki War ends in New Zealand .

March 20

--- An earthquake completely destroys Mendoza , a city on western Argentina .

---Surrender of Civitella Del Tronto . End of the Kingdom Of The Two Sicilies .

March 30 - Sir William Crookes announces his discovery of Thallium (see Discovery Of The Chemical Elements ).

: Fort Sumter .]]

April - June

April 12 - American Civil War begins at Fort Sumter , South Carolina .

April 13 - Fort Sumter surrenders to Southern forces

April 17 - The state of Virginia secedes from the Union.

April 27 - American Civil War :

--- President Abraham Lincoln suspends the Writ Of Habeas Corpus in the United States .

--- West Virginia secedes from Virginia .

secedes from the Union .

secedes from the Union .

is named the capital of the Confederate States Of America .

: Great Comet .]]

May 13

--- issues a "proclamation of Neutrality " which recognizes the Breakaway States as having belligerent rights.

--- May 13 - Comet C/1861 J1 (the "Great Comet of 1861") discovered in Australia .

May 14 - The Canellas meteorite, an 859 Gram chondrite type Meteorite struck earth near Barcelona, Spain .

proclaims its Neutrality which will last until September 3 when Confederate forces enter the state. North Carolina secedes from the Union .

June 9 - Lebanon separated from Syria n administration and reunited under Ottoman governor with the approval of European powers.

June 15 - Benito Juárez formally elected president of Mexico ; he temporarily stops the payments of Foreign Debt .

June 25 - Abd-ul-Mejid , Sultan of the Ottoman Empire ( 1839 -1861) dies and is succeeded by Abd-ul-Aziz (1861- 1876 ).

Abdülaziz

July - September

July 1 - First issue of Vatican 's newspaper L'Osservatore Romano was published.

July 2 - Ivan Kasatkin lands on Hakodate and introduces the Eastern Orthodox church into Japan .

takes place in Western Virginia

- At Manassas Junction, Virginia , the first major battle of the war begins ( Confederate victory).

is passed by the U.S. Congress stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union and not to end Slavery .

assumes command of the Army Of The Potomac following a disastrous Union defeat at the First Battle Of Bull Run .

August 5

--- issues the first Income Tax as part of the Revenue Act Of 1861 (3% of all incomes over US $800; rescinded in 1872 ).

--- US Army abolishes Flogging .

August 27 - Last Execution in Britain for Attempted Murder - Martin Doyle in Chester .

General Leonidas Polk invades neutral Kentucky , prompting the state legislature to ask for Union assistance.

General Ulysses S. Grant bloodlessly capture Paducah, Kentucky , which gives the Union control the mouth of the Tennessee River .

October - December

- Union forces under Colonel Edward Baker are defeated by Confederate troops in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln , is killed in the fighting.

October 24 - The ''HMS Warrior'' , the world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled armored battleship was completed and commissioned.

October 28 -The Missouri legislature took up a bill for Missouri's secession from the Union.

October 30 -The bill was passed for Missouri's secession from Union.

October 31

---The Missouri's secession from the Union bill is signed by Governor Jackson

--- General Winfield Scott resigns as Commander of the United States Army .

appoints George B. McClellan as commander of the Union Army , replacing the aged General Winfield Scott .

General John C. Fremont is relieved of command and replaced by David Hunter .

is elected president of the Confederate States Of America .

November 5 - First Racing of the Australian Melbourne Cup horse race.

- In Belmont, Missouri , Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant overrun a Confederate camp but are forced to retreat when Confederate reinforcements arrive.

" - The '' USS San Jacinto '' stops the United Kingdom mail ship ''Trent'' and arrests two Confederate envoys, James Mason and John Slidell , sparking a diplomatic crisis between the UK and US.

President Jefferson Davis appoints Judah Benjamin secretary of war.

November 25 - A Tenement collapses in the Old Town of Edinburgh and buries 50 - rescuers find 15 of them alive.

November 28 - Acting on the ordinance passed by the Jackson government, the Confederate Congress admitted Missouri as the 12th confederate state.

is accepted into the Confederate States Of America .

Undated

News of Henri Mouhot 's discovery of Angkor Wat published.

In Britain, the death penalty is limited to Murder , High Treason , Espionage , Piracy With Violence and acts of Arson perpetrated upon docks or ammunition depots.

British Empire establishes bases in Lagos to stop the slave trade.

Mrs Beeton's Book Of Household Management published.

Estonia n national epic Kalevipoeg is published.

Ongoing events

American Civil War (1861- 1865 )

Taiping Rebellion ( 1851 - 1864 )

BIRTHS

January - June

January 14 - Mehmed VI , Ottoman Sultan (d. 1926 )

January 30 - Charles Martin Loeffler , American composer (d. 1935 )

February 12 - Lou Andreas-Salome , Russian-born author (d. 1937 )

February 15 - Charles Edouard Guillaume , French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1938 )

February 26 - King Ferdinand Of Bulgaria (d. 1948 )

February 27 - Rudolf Steiner , Austrian philosopher (d. 1925 )

April 8 - Son, Byong-Hi , Korean nationalist (d. 1922 )

April 15 - Bliss Carman , Canadian poet (d. 1929 )

May 7 - Rabindranath Tagore , Indian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1941 )

May 11 - Frederick Russell Burnham , American Scout, father of international scouting movement (d. 1947 )

June 12 - William Attewell , English cricketer (d. 1927 )

June 19 - Doctor Jose Rizal , Philippine national hero (d. 1896 )

June 20 - Frederick Hopkins , English biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize For Physiology Or Medicine (d. 1947 )

July - December

September 10 - Niels Hansen Jacobsen , Danish sculptor and ceramist (d. 1941 )

September 23 - Mary Elizabeth Coleridge , British poet and novelist (d. 1907 )

September 30 - William Wrigley Jr. , U.S. chewing gum industrialist (d. 1932 )

October 4 - Frederic S. Remington , cowboy artist and sculptor (d. 1909 )

October 16 - J. B. Bury , British historian (d. 1927 )

October 30 - Antoine Bourdelle , French sculptor (d. 1929 )

December 4 - Lillian Russell , American singer and vaudeville star (d. 1922 )

November 6 - James Naismith , Canadian inventor of basketball (d. 1939 )

December 8 - Georges Méliès , French film director (d. 1938 )

December 10 - Fridtjof Nansen , Norwegian explorer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1930 )

December 15 - Pehr Evind Svinhufvud , Prime Minister and President Of Finland (d. 1944 )

December 16 - Antonio De La Gandara , French painter (d. 1917 )

December 20 - Ivana Kobilca , Slovenian painter (d. 1926 )

'date unknown''

--- William H. Stayton - American founder of the Association Against The Prohibition Amendment (d. ?)

--- Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar - Malayali Journalist and Short story writer (d. 1914 )

--- Harro Magnussen - German Sculptor (d. 1908 )

: ''See also .''

DEATHS

January - June

January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV , King of Prussia (b. 1795 )

January 17 - Lola Montez , Irish-born dancer and mistress of King Ludwig I Of Bavaria (b. 1821 )

April 15 - Isaiah Stillman , Major in the Black Hawk War (b. 1793 )

March 10 - Taras Shevchenko , Ukrainian poet, nationalist, and founder of Ukrainian Literature (b. 1814 )

May 29 - Joachim Lelewel , Polish nationalist historian (b. 1786 )

June 3 - Stephen A. Douglas , U.S. Senator from Illinois and Presidential candidate (b. 1813 )

June 25 - Abd-ul-Mejid , Ottoman Sultan (b. 1823 )

June 29 - Elizabeth Barrett Browning , English poet (b. 1806 )

July - December

July - Frances Longfellow, second wife of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

July 25 - Jonas Furrer , Member Of The Swiss Federal Council (b. 1805 )

August 12 - Eliphalet Remington , gunsmith and founder of Remington Arms (b. 1793 )

August 24 - Pierre Berthier , French geologist (b. 1782 )

October 5 - Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski , Polish bishop (b. 1778 )

November 11 - King Pedro V Of Portugal (b. 1837 )

December 14 - Prince Albert Of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha , husband of Queen Victoria (b. 1819 )

: ''See also .''

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