As a means of recording the passage of Time , the was that Century which lasted from 1201 to 1300 . In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages , and after its conquests in Asia the Mongol Empire stretched from Korea to Eastern Europe.
, under the leadership of Genghis Khan , overran most of Asia , thus creating the second largest Empire to ever exist, surpassed only by the British Empire . They achieved this success in large part due to their amazing Horse Archer s.]]
- 1199 — Pope Innocent III writes to Kaloyan , inviting him to unite the Bulgarian Church with the Roman Catholic Church .
- 1204 — Fourth Crusade sacks Byzantine Constantinople and creates the Latin Empire .
- Kaloyan with his army crushed the (otherwise unbeaten) Fourth Crusade 's Knights and the soldiers of Emperor Baldwin I Of Constantinople who was attacking Bulgaria n lands with the goal to conquer them.
- 1206 — Mongols united under Temüjin, who is proclaimed " Genghis Khan ".
- 1212 — The Battle Of Las Navas De Tolosa in Iberia sees the beginning of a rapid Christian Reconquest of the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula , with the defeat of Moorish forces.
- 1215 — King John Of England forced to sign Magna Carta at Runnymede .
- 1227 — Genghis Khan dies during the prolonged siege of the Western Xia Dynasty capital (located in northwestern China), while the Tangut Western Xia Dynasty falls soon after.
- 1234 — the Jin Dynasty of northeastern China is conquered by the forces of the Mongol ruler Ögedei Khan .
- 1238 — The Thai Kingdom of Sukhothai is established, with Theravada Buddhism as the state religion. Later in the century it vassalises significant parts of modern Thailand , Laos , Burma , and Malaysia .
- 1249 — End of the Portuguese Reconquista against the Moors , when King Afonso III Of Portugal reconquers the Algarve .
- Chinese government as the Commissioner of Merchant Shipping for Quanzhou . He published a detailed monograph of the shipping industry and maritime economy of China's Seaport s during his tenure there.
- 1258 — Baghdad (Iraq), seat of the Islamic Abbasid Caliphate, is besieged and burnt to the ground by the forces of the Mongol commander Hulagu Khan . The last Abbasid Caliph Al-Musta'sim is executed by means of trampling horses.
- 1259 — the Mongol ruler Möngke Khan is killed in battle by a Chinese Cannon blast at Fishing Town , Chongqing , located in southwestern China.
- 1260 — the Mongols are defeated by the Egyptian Mamluks in the Battle Of Ain Jalut .
- 1270 — Restoration of Solomonic Dynasty in Ethiopia , deposing the Zagwe Dynasty .
Buddhist Wuzhun Shifan , painted in 1238 AD, Song Dynasty .]]
- 1279 , the Battle Of Yamen marks the fall of the Chinese Song Dynasty and the rise of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty led by Khublai Khan .
- 1282 — Aragon acquires Sicily , after the Sicilian Vespers .
- 1284 — Peterhouse, Cambridge founded by Hugo de Balsham, the Bishop Of Ely .
- 1291 — The Swiss Confederation is formed by Uri , Schwyz , and Unterwalden .
- Andrew II Of Hungary signs the Golden Bull which afferms the privileges of Hungarian nobility.
- Bantu -speaking peoples arrive in modern Angola , partially displacing the original Khoisan inhabitants.
- Battle Of Bouvines
- Persian historian Rashid Al-Din records eleven Buddhist texts circulating in Arabic translation.
- James I of Aragon takes control of Balearic Islands and Valencia .
- Marco Polo and his family reach China .
- Norway cedes the Isle Of Man to Scotland , following the signing of the Treaty Of Perth .
- Ögedei Khan establishes a Mongolian dynasty in China . Some Mongol leaders convert from Tantric Buddhism to Islam .
- Teutonic Knights begin activity in Eastern Europe.
- Theravada overtakes Mahayana as the dominant form of Buddhism in Cambodia .
- A period of civil unrest, '' Sturlungaöld '', leads to Iceland becoming part of the Kingdom Of Norway .
- End of Hohenstaufen dynasty at the Battle Of Tagliacozzo . The Kingdom Of Sicily goes to French Anjou house.
- Fall of the Ghana Empire .
- Fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors. Sicily and Naples are acquired by the French count Charles I Of Naples .
- Fifth through eighth Crusade s of western European kingdoms against Islam .
- Finland gets its first city, Turku .
- First European universities founded.
- Most of Asia and Eastern Europe is conquered and incorporated into the Mongol Empire .
- The Medieval Warm Period ends.
- The Utiguri Bulgar state on the Volga vanishes from history.
- The Chinese become familiar with the story of the Lighthouse Of Alexandria .
- Albertus Magnus , German philosopher and theologian
- Alexander Of Hales , philosopher and theologian
- Alexander Nevsky , Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir
- Baibars , Mamluk sultan
- Béla IV Of Hungary rebuilder of Hungary after the devastating Mongol invasion
- Birger Jarl , Swedish statesman, earl, and founder of Stockholm
- Bonaventure , Franciscan theologian
- Ch'in Chiu-Shao , Chinese mathematician
- Dante Alighieri , Italian writer
- Francis Of Assisi , founder of the Franciscan Order
- Frederick II , emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
- Genghis Khan , founder of Mongol Empire
- Giotto Di Bondone Italian painter
- Ibn Taymiyyah , famous Hanbali , Salafi Scholar of Islam
- Ivan Asen II , Emperor of Bulgaria
- Kaloyan , Emperor of Bulgaria
- Kitbuqa , Christian Mongol commander
- Kublai Khan , Khan ruler, founder of Yuan Dynasty in China
- Lembitu , Estonian ruler
- Louis IX Of France , St. Louis, French king and crusader
- Emperor Ningzong Of Song , ruler of China
- Petrus Peregrinus , scientist
- Qutuz , Mamluk sultan
- Ramon Llull , Majorcan philosopher
- Robert Grosseteste , English statesman, theologian, and scientist
- Roger Bacon , Franciscan, philosopher, and scientist
- Saadi Persian poet
- Snorri Sturluson , historian and saga-writer
- Sundiata Keita semi-historical founder of the Mali Empire
- Thomas Aquinas , theologian
- Wen Tianxiang , Chinese Prime Minister
- William Wallace , Scottish national leader
- William Marshal , Knight and statesman
- Yang Hui , Chinese mathematician
- Zhao Mengfu , Chinese painter
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