| Voiceless Glottal Fricative |
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The voiceless glottal transition, commonly called a " Fricative ", is a type of sound used in some Spoken Language s which often behaves like a Consonant , but sometimes behaves more like a vowel, or is indeterminate in its behavior. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is h. FEATURES Features of the "voiceless glottal fricative":
IN ENGLISH Most dialects of English have as a phoneme, and it is represented by "h", as in ''happy''. It usually occurs at the beginning of a Morpheme . Between vowels, as in ''ahead'', it may be voiced (murmured) rather than voiceless. In some regional dialects of British English , such as Cockney , there is no [h . IN OTHER LANGUAGES Non-native speakers of English, whose native languages either lack an /h/ or use the letter "h" for different sounds, may substitute /x/ for /h/ or not pronounce it at all when speaking English. Arabic In Arabic, the {Link without Title} phoneme is represented by the letter ه. Basque Some dialects of Basque have as a phoneme, and it is represented by "h". In other dialects, [h has been dropped, and in some spelling systems for these dialects, the "h" is no longer written. This particular dialectical variation was one of the largest difficulties in unifying the dialects of Basque. Finnish The Finnish phoneme /h/ is realized according to the surrounding vowels; next to /e/, /ö/, /ä/ and /o/ or initially, it is the voiceless Particular to Finnish is that /h/ often appears as a Syllable Coda , e.g. ''pehmeä''. Sometimes, although [h is found, the phonation type is Breathy Voiced until the vocal folds are opened to the maximum, after which it becomes voiceless, e.g. ''pihti''. Even so, this is a voiceless phoneme gaining breathy voicing due the environment, not a breathy-voiced phoneme. Similarly, some stricture in the vocal tract may be necessary to produce enough turbulence to differentiate a /h/ from its absence, so very weak fricatives near-identical to their surrounding vowels are produced. A slight Pharyngeal stricture — nowhere near a real Pharyngeal Fricative — is used to produce /h/ in ''paha'' due to /a/. A Palatal Fricative is found in ''vihne'' due to /i/. Labial frication, where the lips in an identical position to their surrounding vowels, is found in ''puhu'' due to the rounded vowel /u/. In pre-modern orthography, the stronger frication was denoted with 'ch' in analogy to German, but modern orthography uses only an 'h', e.g. old ''huchta'' vs. modern ''huhta''. German German has {Link without Title} as a phoneme, and it is represented by "h", as in ''Hand'' (hand). Irish In Irish, word-initial is Spelled ''h'' in Loanword s from English , such as ''hata'' "hat". Otherwise, word-initial represents the Lenition of or , in which case it is spelled ''sh'' or ''th'' respectively. In the middles and ends of words, it is always spelled ''th''. Kazakh Kazakh has the phoneme [h]. When written in the , [h] is represented by "h". When written in the Arabic Alphabet , [h] is represented by ھ. Romanian Romanian has {Link without Title} as a phoneme, and it is represented by "h", as in ''hăţ'' (bridle). Romanian is the only widely-spoken contemporary Romance Language that retains the phoneme /h/ of Latin (the much less widely-spoken Norman Language has also retained it). This is widely believed to be due to Slavonic influence. Spanish Some dialects of Spanish, particularly in the Americas, have as a phoneme, and it is represented by "j", as in ''Jose'' (Joseph). As in most Romance Languages , the original [h phoneme was dropped from the original Latin (as can be seen in Spanish words that start with "h", e.g. ''¡Hasta la vista!''). The [h] phoneme in the dialects that have it appears not to have been retained from Latin, but is rather an alternate realization of the original Castilian phoneme /x/. Uzbek Uzbek has the phoneme [h]. When written in the , [h] is represented by "h". SEE ALSO
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