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Upper And Lower Probabilities




Because Frequentist Statistics disallows Metaprobabilities , frequentists have had to propose new solutions. Cedric Smith and Arthur Dempster each developed a theory of upper and lower probabilities. Glenn Shafer developed Dempster's theory further, and it is now known as Dempster-Shafer Theory .

There are many formal correspondences between upper and lower probability and Possibility Theory . For example, necessity can be seen as a lower probability and possibility can be seen as an upper probability.


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