Twelfth Century

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As a means of recording the passage of Time , the 12th century was that Century which lasted from 1101 to 1200 . In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages .

See also: Renaissance Of The 12th Century


EVENTS

• 1102 , King Coloman unites Hungary and Croatia under the Hungarian Crown


• c. 1119 , Foundation of the Knights Templar


• 1127 , The Song Dynasty loses power over Northern China .


• 1128 , Portugal gains independence from the kingdom of León (recognised by León in 1143 ).


• 1136 , Suger begins rebuilding Abbey Church At St Denis north of Paris , which is regarded as the first major Gothic building.


• 1145 – 1148 , The Second Crusade is launched in response to the fall of the County Of Edessa .


• 1169 , start of the conquest of Ireland. Richard FitzGilbert De Clare ('Strongbow') makes an alliance with the exiled Irish chief, Dermot MacMurrough , to help him recover his kingdom of Leinster .


• 1170 , Thomas Becket is murdered.


• 1185 , Founding of the cathedral school (Katedralskolan) in Lund , Sweden . The school is the oldest in northern Europe, and one of the oldest in Europe as a whole.


• 1189 – 1192 , The Third Crusade was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin .


• 1193 , Nalanda , the great India n Buddhist educational centre, is destroyed.


• c. 1200 , The Toltec Empire collapses.


• Renaissance Of The 12th Century in Europe.


• The Kamakura Shogunate deprives the Emperor Of Japan of political power.


• Gothic Architecture begins in France


• Conflict between the Khmer Empire and Champa . Angkor Wat is built under the Hindu king Suryavarman II . At the end of the century the Buddhist Jayavarman VII becomes ruler.


• Pope Adrian IV grants overlordship of Ireland to Henry II Of England .


• The medieval Serbia n state formed by Stefan Nemanja and continued by the Nemanjić dynasty.


• Pierre Abelard teaches.

SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE

• Genghis Khan , '' Great Khan '' of the Mongol Empire .


• Bhaskara , towering figure in several disparate fields of mathematics


• Pierre Abélard , one of the first Scholastic philosophers; author of "Historia calamitatum mearum", a description of his love affair with Héloïse .


• Bernard Of Clairvaux , French abbot influential in church politics.


• Manuel I Comnenus , Byzantine Emperor who allied with the Crusaders.


• Saladin , ruler of Egypt and Syria who resisted the Crusaders.


• Hugh Of St. Victor , French scholar.


• Philip II , French king.


• Friedrich Barbarossa , Holy Roman Emperor


• Richard I Of England


• Richard Of St. Victor , theologian.


• Alfonso I Henriques, first King of Portugal.


• Maimonides , leading Jewish philosopher.


• Thomas Becket , archbishop of Canterbury.


• Minamoto No Yoritomo , first Shogun of Japan.


• Omar Khayyám , Persia n poet and astronomer


• Eleanor Of Aquitaine , queen consort of France and later the Kingdom Of England .


• Hildegard Of Bingen , first Western musical composer known by name.


• Suryavarman II Khmer king


• Jayavarman VII Khmer king

INVENTIONS, DISCOVERIES AND INTRODUCTIONS

• Beginning of the Gothic Architecture style in France .


• Building of Angkor Wat in Khmer empire.


• First European Universities founded.


• Christian Humanism becomes a self-conscious philosophical tendency in Europe.


• Earliest record of a Miracle Play , in Dunstable, England .


• Beginning of Trouvère music and poetry in France .


• Ars Antiqua


• Earliest account of a mariner's Compass , by Alexander Neckam is "De utensilibus".


• First fire and plague Insurance (in Iceland ).


• First authenticated Influenza epidemics.


• Start of Middle English

DECADES AND YEARS