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In 1831 , Muhammad Ali Of Egypt 's son Ibrahim Pasha led a successful military expedition into Syria , established himself as governor, and set to modernize the country.

There was concern in the United Kingdom about the possibility of the establishment of an independent state allied to Russia against Turkey and Persia . The independence and territorial integrity of both the Ottoman Empire and Persia were seen as vital to British interests in the region. There were also numerous complaints of British businessmen who were subject to duties levied on good transshipped across the Ottoman Empire and arbitrary levies by local pashas.

When Muhammad Ali refused to implement the agreement because of the threat this posed to his nascent industrialisation project, the Ottoman sultan gave him a year's grace period, after which Muhammad Ali still refused to comply. In 1840 , the Ottomans, with British assistance, attacked and reasserted control over Syria.

The price paid for the help was a high one though, as the treaty had initiated a new commercial era for British interests and continued dominance of the Ottoman Empire.


BIBLIOGRAPHY


  • James L. Gelvin's''The Modern Middle East '', Oxford University Press 2005/pg 77