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| CATEGORIES ABOUT TRANSVERSE MODE | |
| wave mechanics | |
| electromagnetic radiation | |
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Transverse modes occur because of Boundary Condition s imposed on the wave by the waveguide. For example, a radio wave in a hollow metal waveguide must have zero Electric Field amplitude parallel to the walls of the waveguide, and so the transverse pattern of the electric field of waves is restricted to those which fit between the walls. For this reason, the modes supported by a waveguide are Quantized . The allowed modes can be found by solving Maxwell's Equations for the boundary conditions of a given waveguide. Transverse modes are classified into different types:
Modes of hollow metallic waveguides filled with a homogeneous, isotropic material fall into the first three categories. Otherwise, except in cases of special symmetry, modes are generally of hybrid type. For example, light travelling in an optical fiber or other dielectric waveguide forms hybrid-type modes. The fiber modes are usually referred to as LP (linear polarization) modes, which refers to a Scalar approximation for the field solution, treating it as if it contains only one transverse field component (this is accurate because of the low refractive index contrast in typical fibers). A plane light wave propagating through free space is of the transverse electromagnetic (TEM) type and these are also the type of modes generated in a laser's optical resonator. In a laser with cylindrical symmetry, the transverse mode patterns are described by a combination of a Gaussian Beam profile with a Laguerre Polynomial . The modes are denoted TEM''pl'' where ''p'' and ''l'' are integers labelling the radial and angular mode orders, respectively. The intensity at a point ''r'',φ (in Polar Coordinates ) from the centre of the mode is given by: :, where ρ = 2''r''2/''w''2, and ''Lpl'' is the associate Laguerre polynomial of order ''p'' and index ''l''. ''w'' is the spot size of the mode corresponding to the Gaussian beam radius.
The overall size of the mode is determined by the Gaussian beam radius ''w'', and this may increase or decrease with the propagation of the beam, however the modes preserve their general shape during propagation. Higher order modes are relatively larger compared to the TEM00 mode, and thus the fundamental Gaussian mode of a laser may be selected by placing an appropriately sized aperture in the laser cavity. In many lasers, the symmetry of the optical resonator is restricted by Polarizing elements such as Brewster's Angle windows. In these lasers, transverse modes with rectangular symmetry are formed. These modes are designated TEM''mn'' with ''m'' and ''n'' being the horizontal and vertical orders of the pattern. The intensity at point ''x'',''y'' is given by: :, where H''m''(''x'') is the ''m''th order Hermite Polynomial . The TEM00 mode corresponds to exactly the same fundamental mode as in the cylindrical geometry. Modes with increasing ''m'' and ''n'' show lobes appearing in the horizontal and vertical directions, with in general (''m''+1)(''n''+1) lobes present in the pattern. As before, higher-order modes have a larger spatial extent than the 00 mode. The Phase of each lobe of a TEM''mn'' is offset by π radians with respect to its horizontal or vertical neighbours. This is equivalent to the polarization of each lobe being flipped in direction. The overall intensity profile of a laser's output may be made up from the superposition of any of the allowed transverse modes of the laser's cavity, though often it is desirable to operate only on the fundamental mode. SEE ALSO |
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