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INTRODUCTION A Collision between Reactant Molecule s may or may not result in a successful Reaction . The outcome depends on factors such as the relative Kinetic Energy , relative orientation and Internal Energy of the molecules. Even if the collision partners form an Activated Complex they are not bound to go on and form Products , and instead the complex may fall apart back to the reactants. HISTORY The concept of a transition state has been important in many theories of the rate at which Chemical Reaction s occur. This started with the Transition State Theory , which was first developed around 1935 and which introduced basic concepts in Chemical Kinetics which are still used today. PROBLEMS IN OBSERVING TRANSITION STATES Because of the rules of Quantum Mechanics , the transition state cannot be captured or directly observed; the population at that point is zero. However, cleverly manipulated Spectroscopic techniques can get us as close as the timescale of the technique will allow us. Femto second IR Spectroscopy was developed for precisely that reason, and it is possible to probe molecular structure extremely close to the transition point. Often along the reaction coordinate Reactive Intermediates are present not much lower in energy from a transition state making it difficult to distinguish between the two. LOCATING TRANSITION STATES BY COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY Transition state structures can be determined by searching for first-order saddle points on the Potential Energy Surface . Such a saddle point is a point where there is a minimum in all dimensions but one. Almost all quantum-chemical methods (DFT, MP2, ...) can be used to find transition states. However, locating them is often problematic as the starting structure must be very close to the actual TS. Methods for locating transition states are QST2 or QST3 where the starting structure is determined from the substrate and product geometries. It is often easier (especially for large systems) to optimize to a transition state geometry using semiempirical methods such as AM1 or PM3, and then use the geometries obtained as input for better methods. Never use AM1 or PM3 energies to determine activation barriers or selectivities. THE HAMMOND-LEFFLER POSTULATE The Hammond-Leffler Postulate states that the structure of the transition state more closely resembles the product or the starting material, depending on which is higher in Enthalpy . IMPLICATIONS FOR ENZYMATIC CATALYSIS One way in which Enzymatic Catalysis proceeds is by stabilizing the transition state through Electrostatics . By lowering the energy of the transition state, it allows a greater population of the starting material to attain the energy needed to overcome the transition energy and proceed to product. REFERENCES Solomons, T.W. Graham & Fryhle, Craig B. (2004). ''Organic Chemistry'' (8th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-41799-8. |
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