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In a Piston Engine , top dead centre ('''TDC''') is the position of a Piston in which it is furthest from the Crankshaft . Top dead centre is the Datum Point from which engine Timing measurements are made. For example, Ignition System Timing is normally specified as degrees before top dead centre ('''BTDC''') although a very few small and fast-burning engines, require a spark just '''after top dead centre''' ('''ATDC'''), such as the Nissan MA10 with hemispherical Combustion Chamber s, or Hydrogen Engines . Top dead centre for cylinder one is often marked on the crankshaft pulley, the Flywheel or Dynamic Balancer or both, with adjacent marks showing the recommended ignition timing settings as decided during engine development. These Timing Mark s can be used to set the ignition timing either statically by hand or dynamically using a Timing Light . In a multi-cylinder engine, pistons may reach top dead centre simultaneously or at different times depending on the Engine Configuration . For example:
The concept of top dead centre is also extended to Pistonless Rotary Engine s, and means the point in the cycle in which the volume of a combustion chamber is smallest. This typically occurs several times per rotor revolution; In the Wankel Engine for example it occurs three times for every one revolution of the rotor. This term is also used in the realm of production equipment. A mechanical punch press employs a crankshaft similar to that found in an engine. In the punch press the crankshaft drives a ram which when it is farthest away from the platen of the press is considered to be in the position of top dead center. |
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