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flat Surface is a three-dimensional Vector which is Perpendicular to that surface. A normal to a non-flat surface at a point ''p'' on the surface is a vector which is perpendicular to the Tangent Plane to that surface at ''p''. The word ''normal'' is also used as an adjective as well as a noun with this meaning: a line ''normal'' to a plane, the ''normal'' component of a force, the ''normal vector'', etc.


''A polygon and its normal''



CALCULATING A SURFACE NORMAL


For a Polygon (such as a Triangle ), a surface normal can be calculated as the vector Cross Product of two edges of the polygon.

For a Plane given by the equation ax+by+cz=d, the vector (a, b, c) is a normal.

If a (possibly non-flat) surface ''S'' is Parametrized by a system of Curvilinear Coordinates x(''s'', ''t''), with ''s'' and ''t'' Real variables, then a normal is given by the cross product of the Partial Derivative s
:{\partial \mathbf{x} \over \partial s} imes {\partial \mathbf{x} \over \partial t}.

If a surface ''S'' is given Implicitly , as the set of points (x, y, z) satisfying F(x, y, z)=0, then, a normal at a point (x, y, z) on the surface is given by the Gradient
:
abla F(x, y, z).

If a surface does not have a tangent plane at a point, it does not have a normal at that point either. For example, a Cone does not have a normal at its tip nor does it have a normal along the edge of its base. However, the normal to the cone is defined Almost Everywhere . In general, it is possible to define a normal almost everywhere for a surface that is Lipschitz Continuous .


UNIQUENESS OF THE NORMAL


A normal to a surface does not have a unique direction; the vector pointing in the opposite direction of a surface normal is also a surface normal. For an Oriented Surface , the surface normal is usually determined by the Right-hand Rule .


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