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Often, it measures the Power Spectrum .

There are Analogue and Digital spectrum analyzers:
  • An ''analogue'' spectrum analyzer uses either a variable Bandpass Filter whose mid-frequency is automatically Tuned (shifted, swept) through the range of frequencies of which the spectrum is to be measured or a Superheterodyne receiver where the Local Oscillator is swept through a range of frequencies.

  • A ''digital'' spectrum analyzer uses the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), a mathematical process that transforms a waveform into the components of its Frequency Spectrum . As a result, computer programs can compute such transforms, and makes Audio Processing easier. FFTs have applications in much wider fields.


Some spectrum analyzers (such as Tektronix 's family of "real-time spectrum analyzers") use a hybrid technique where the incoming signal is first Down-converted to a lower frequency using superheterodyne techniques and then analyzed using FFT techniques.


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NON-ELECTRONIC SPECTRUM ANALYZERS

Used to measure atomic particles.