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Marked by a highly developed pure science and innovation at the theoretical level, interpretation and application fell short. Biology , Chemistry , Materials Science , Mathematics , and Physics , were fields in which Soviet citizens have excelled. Science was emphasized at all levels of education, and very large numbers of Engineers graduated every year. The Soviet government made the development and advancement of science a national priority and showered top scientists with honours. Although the sciences were less rigorously censored than other fields such as art,there were several examples of suppression of ideas. In the most notorious, the Ukrainian Agronomist Trofim Lysenko refused to accept the Chromosome theory of heredity usually accepted by modern Genetics . Claiming his theories corresponded to Marxism , he managed to talk Joseph Stalin in 1948 into to banning Population Genetics and several other related fields of biological research; this decision was not reverted upto the 1960s. The core of fundamental science was the Academy Of Sciences , originally set up in 1725 and moved from Leningrad to Moscow in 1934 and then to Chernogolovka in 1943 . It consisted of 250 research institutes and 60,500 full-time researchers in 1987, a large percentage in the Natural Sciences such as Biology . Also, all of the union's republics except the RSFSR had their own mini-academies of science.Despite this,the majority of research (90%)was carried out outside the academy system. Most of this was of an applied naure and most of it was related to Weapons Systems and done in secret facilities. Soviet scientists won acclaim in several fields. They were at the cutting edge of science in fields such as Mathematics and in several branches of Physical Science , notably theoretical Nuclear Physics , chemistry, and astronomy. The Physical Chemist and Physicist Nikolay Semenov was the first Soviet Citizen to win a Nobel Prize , in 1956 . For a complete list of Soviet Nobel prize winners,see below. launched the first artificial Satellite , Sputnik 1 , into Orbit , and in April 1961 a Russian Cosmonaut , Yuri Gagarin , became the first man in space. Though disappointed that the United States beat them to the moon, the Soviets maintained a strong space program until economic problems led to cutbacks in the 1980s. SOVIET NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS The following Soviet citizens were recipients of a Nobel Prize . Physics
Chemistry
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS (NII) A large part of research was conducted in ''NII''s — "scientific research institutions" ( Russian : НИИ, нау́чно-иссле́довательский институ́т). There have been a great number of NIIs, each specialized in a particular field. REFERENCES
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