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School uniforms are common in Elementary and Secondary School s in many nations. School uniforms are the best known form of student uniform, other types of which include uniforms worn by students participating in higher vocational training, for instance in health related occupations. Traditionally, school uniforms have been subdued and professional. Boys' uniforms often consist of dark Pants and light-colored Shirt , plus a Jacket in cold weather. A girl's might consist of a Skirt and Blouse . The gender-specific uniforms have been a point of Contention , and some schools permit female students to choose either skirt or trousers. The use of a Blazer or suit-like jacket has come into favour in some areas. In continental Europe, uniforms have not been required in public ( State -sponsored) schools. Private Schools , though, often have a school uniform or a strict Dress Code . SCHOOL DRESS CODES VS. SCHOOL UNIFORMS , Mexico , drinking flavored drinks (agua fresca in Spanish ).]] School Dress Code s generally dictate what can't be worn by any student, such as sheer or midriff-baring blouses, clothing with ads for beer and alcohol, or low-rider jeans. A school uniform policy generally dictates what must be worn by all students, such as solid color polo shirts in school colors in American public elementary schools with a uniform policy. SCHOOL UNIFORM IN NEW ZEALAND Traditionally, many New Zealand Intermediate and High School s have followed the British System Of School Uniforms . This usually consists of a variety of the following apparel: an 'official' school jersey, jacket and tie, a grey/white shirt, pants and/or shorts, and, in many girls' schools, kilts. Being allowed to wear long pants as part of the uniform, rather than shorts, often marks the division between being considered a 'junior' member of the school, to being a 'senior'. At some schools, seniors are allowed to disregard school uniform in favour of mufti ("civvies" or casual clothing). Increasingly, the traditional uniform is being replaced by cheaper and more 'modern' options: Polo Shirt s, polar Fleece tops, or a complete doing away with uniforms in favour of mufti. SCHOOL UNIFORM IN THE UNITED KINGDOM As mentioned, school uniform is extremely common in schools and colleges in the United Kingdom . In recent years, there have been topical debates in the media relating to the increasing Cost of school uniforms, and the Enforcement of school uniform Dress Codes which occasionally cause controversy. These include, rules against allowing female students to wear Trousers and allowing students of differing religions to wear Headscarves .
''From the website of Nottingham High School (a fee-paying boy's school in the United Kingdom).'' During the 1990s a trend toward Sweatshirt s with the school crest spread throughout schools in the UK, notably in Primary schools but, increasingly, in Secondary schools. This was seen as a way to modernise the uniform as well as make it more affordable to lower income families who couldn't afford blazers, etc. However a lot of these same schools are re-introducing the blazer and tie in a bid to 'smarten up' their pupils and combat bullying. In many secondary schools, girls have started to wear trousers instead of skirts as part of their uniform, but this depends on the school and the area. Skirts are still very popular in secondary schools in the northwest and the southeast of England. British Night Club s often organise uniform theme parties where patrons are asked to wear adult versions of the uniform. This kind of use of children's clothing may be controversial in the context of a setting of heavy drinking and sexual behaviour. Angus Young from the Australian musical act AC/DC often wears his school uniform on stage. SCHOOL UNIFORM IN THE UNITED STATES Most public schools in the United States do not require uniforms. Students can wear clothing of their choice within the limits of their school's Dress Code . Dress codes usually include limits on skirt length and skin exposure. They generally include prohibitions on clothing with tears or holes, exposure of undergarments, and anything that is obscene, gang-related, or unsafe. {Link without Title} Some school dress codes specify the types of tops (e.g. collared) and bottoms (e.g. khaki) that are allowed. School uniforms are fairly common for private schools in the United States, especially for Catholic schools. Although many private school uniforms are similar to the ones described below for public schools, a few still require more formal British-style school uniforms, such as Blazer s and ties. Culottes are also sometimes substituted for a skirt, especially at Episcopalian or non-parochial private schools. In 1994 , the Long Beach Unified School District , in Southern California , required school uniforms in all elementary and middle schools. This began a trend for uniforms in American Elementary public schools, especially in Urban school districts. President Clinton mentioned LBUSD's efforts in his 1996 State Of The Union Address . The adoption of school or district-wide uniform policies (or, alternatively, "standardized dress codes" – which are not as rigid as school uniform requirements, but allow some leeway within set parameters) has been motivated by a need to counter " Gang Clothing " (or, in the alternative, the pressure for families to purchase upscale-label clothing to avoid their children being ignored by "fashion cliques"), as well as improve Morale and School Discipline . School uniforms are fairly simple for U.S. public schools. Tops are usually solid-colored shirts or blouses with collars (often Polo Shirts ) or Turtleneck s in a choice of school colors. Pants are usually solid Khaki -colored ( Tan ). Girls can usually wear solid-colored pants, shorts, Jumpers , Overalls , or skirts in a choice of school colors (or khaki for pants). Public school uniform policies do allow parents to opt-out of the uniform requirements for personal or religious reasons. The number of parents who choose to opt out is usually very low. SCHOOL UNIFORM IN CANADA Many regions of Canada have publicly-funded Catholic School s, and many of those schools have uniforms. In recent years, some schools have eliminated Skirts and Kilt s, in favour of dress pants for girls, or replaced skirts with the X-kilt , a garment that looks like a kilt from the outside, but has an attached shorts on the inside for modesty. Also, bicycle shorts are sometimes worn under skirts. The tops are either dress shirts or golf shirts, and either sweaters or sweatshirts are worn. Grey or khaki dress pants are worn by both boys and girls. EFFICACY .]] The efficacy of uniforms is often debated. A study published in ''The Journal of Education Research'' by David L. Brunsma, of the University Of Alabama , and Kerry A. Rockquemore, of the University Of Notre Dame , found that student uniforms neither improved attendance and discipline nor decreased drug use. Uniforms did not significantly improve academic performance or students' attitudes toward school. Peer-group relations were not improved. The study also found that uniforms had a negative effect on student attitudes. SEE ALSO REFERENCES
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