Information AboutRna Polymerase |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT RNA POLYMERASE | |
| gene expression | |
| rna | |
| enzymes | |
|
The Enzyme RNA polymerase (RNAP or RNApol) is present in all cells and is responsible for reading the Genetic Code stored in DNA . RNAP accomplishes this task by constructing RNA chains through a process termed Transcription . In other words, RNAP is a Nucleotidyltransferase that Polymerises Ribonucleotide s in accordance with the information present in DNA . RNA polymerase enzymes are essential and are found in all organisms and many virii. Control of the process of Transcription affects patterns of Gene Expression and thereby allows a Cell to adapt to a changing environment, perform specialized roles within an organism, and maintain basic metabolic processes necessary for survival. Therefore, it is hardly surprising that the activity of RNAP is both complex and highly regulated. In E. Coli bacteria, more than 100 factors have been identified which modify the activity of RNAP. RNAP can initiate Transcription at specific DNA sequences known as promoters. It then produces an RNA chain which is complementary to the DNA strand used as a template. The process of adding Nucleotides to the RNA strand is known as elongation, and in eukaryotes RNAP can build chains as long as 2.4 million Nucleosides (the full length of the Dystrophin gene). RNAP will preferentially release its RNA transcript at specific DNA sequences encoded at the end of genes known as terminators. Some RNA molecules produced by RNAP will serve as templates for the synthesis of proteins by the Ribosome . Others can fold into enzymatically active Ribozymes or TRNA molecules. A third option is that an RNA molecule will serve a purely regulatory role to control future gene expression (see SiRNA ). RNAP accomplishes De Novo synthesis. It is able to do this because specific interactions with the initiating nucleotide hold RNAP rigidly in place, facilitating chemical attack on the incoming nucleotide. Such specific interactions explain why RNAP prefers to start transcripts with ATP (followed by GTP, UTP, and then CTP). In contrast to DNA Polymerase , RNAP includes a Helicase activity, therefore no separate enzyme is needed to unwind DNA. RNAP was discovered independently by Sam Weiss and Jerard Hurwitz in 1960 . Ironically, by this time the 1959 Nobel Prize had been awarded to Severo Ochoa for the discovery of what was believed to be RNAP, but instead turned out to be a Ribonuclease . RNA POLYMERASE IN BACTERIA In , RRNA and TRNA . RNAP is a relatively large molecule. The core enzyme has 5 subunits (~400 kDa):
In order to bind promoter-specific regions, the core enzyme requires another subunit, sigma (σ). The s. RNA POLYMERASE IN EUKARYOTES Eukaryote s have several types of RNAP:
RNA POLYMERASE IN ARCHAEA Archaea have a single form of RNAP that is closely related to the three main eukaryotic polymerases. It has been speculated that the archaeal polymerase resembles the ancestor of the specialized eukaryotic polymerases. RNA POLYMERASE IN VIRUSES Many Viruses also encode for RNAP. The viral polymerases are diverse, and include some forms which can use RNA as a template instead of DNA (this occurs in Polio ). Perhaps the most widely studied viral RNAP is found in Bacteriophage T7. This single-subunit RNAP is related to that found mitochondria and chloroplasts, and shares considerable homology to DNA Polymerase . It is believed by many that most viral polymerases therefore evolved from DNA polymerase and are not directly related to the multi-subunit polymerases described above. TRANSCRIPTIONAL COFACTORS There are a number of proteins which can bind to RNAP and modify its behavior. For instance, greA and greB from E. coli can enhance the ability of RNAP to cleave the RNA template near the growing end of the chain. This cleavage can rescue a stalled polymerase molecule, and is likely involved in proofreading the occasional mistakes made by RNAP. A separate cofactor, Mfd, is involved in Transcription-coupled Repair , the process in which RNAP recognizes damaged bases in the DNA template and recruits enzymes to restore the DNA. Other cofactors are known to play regulatory roles, i.e. they help RNAP choose whether or not to express certain genes. ISOLATION RNA polymerase can be isolated in the following ways:
SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS
|
|
|