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A reference architecture often consists of a list of functions and some indication of their interfaces (or API s) and interactions with each other and with functions located outside of the scope of the reference architecture.

Reference architectures can be defined at different levels of abstraction. A highly abstract one might show different pieces of equipment on a communications network, each providing different functions. A lower level one might demonstrate the interactions of Procedures (or Methods ) within a computer program defined to perform a very specific task.

One technology specific example, Java EE , the Java Platform, Enterprise Edition architecture is a layered reference architecture which provides a template solution for many enterprise systems developed in Java. The reference architecture addresses problems commonly encoutered for enterprise systems including scaleability, reliability and security.

There may be multiple frameworks wihin which a system developed within a reference architecture can be deployed. Examples of Java EE framework open source application servers like JBoss , Geronimo and Open EJB as well as vendor solutions like IBM WebSphere , BEA Web Logic and Oracle Application Server.