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Rabindranath Tagore (; , 1861 – August 7 , 1941 ), also known by the Sobriquet ''' Gurudev ''', was a Bengali poet, Brahmo ( Syncretic Hindu Monotheist ) philosopher, visual artist, playwright, composer, and novelist whose Avant-garde works reshaped Bengali Literature and Music in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A celebrated Cultural Icon of Bengal , he became Asia's first Nobel Laureate when he won the 1913 Nobel Prize In Literature . A Calcuttan Pirali Brahmin by birth, Tagore began writing poems at the age of eight; he published his first substantial poetry — using the Pseudonym "" ("Sun Lion") — in 1877 and wrote his first short stories and dramas at age sixteen. His home schooling, life in Shelidah , and extensive travels made Tagore an Iconoclast ic pragmatist; however, growing disillusionment with the British Raj caused the internationalist Tagore to back the Indian Independence Movement and befriend Mahatma Gandhi . Despite the loss of virtually his entire family and his regrets regarding Bengal's decline, his life's work — Visva-Bharati University — endured. Tagore's major works included '''' and the '' Jana Gana Mana ''. EARLY LIFE (1861–1901) Tagore (nicknamed "Rabi") was born the youngest of fourteen children in the Jorasanko mansion of parents Debendranath Tagore and Sarada Devi. After undergoing his ''upanayan'' (coming-of-age) rite at age eleven, Tagore and his father left Calcutta on February 14 , 1873 to tour India for several months, visiting his father's Santiniketan estate and Amritsar before reaching the Himalayan Hill Station of Dalhousie . There, Tagore read biographies, studied history, astronomy, modern science, and Sanskrit , and examined the classical poetry of ... In 1877, he arose to notability when he composed several works, including a long poem set in the Maithili style pioneered by Vidyapati . As a joke, he initially claimed that these were the lost works of (what he claimed was) a newly-discovered 17th century poet called .. In 1877, he wrote "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman" — the Bangla language's first short story).. and ''Sandhya Sangit'' (1882) — including the famous poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Cry of the Waterfall"). Seeking to become a Barrister , Tagore enrolled at a public school in Brighton , England in 1878; later, he studied at University College London , but returned to Bengal in 1880 without a degree. On 9 December 1883 , he married Mrinalini Devi; they had five children, four of whom later died before reaching full adulthood.. In 1890, Tagore (joined in 1898 by his wife and children) began managing his family's estates in Shelidah, a region now in Bangladesh. Known as " Zamindar Babu", Tagore traveled across the vast estate while living out of the family's luxurious barge, the ''Padma'', to collect (mostly token) rents and bless villagers; in exchange, he had feasts held in his honour.. During these years, Tagore's ''Sadhana'' period (1891–1895; named for one of Tagore’s magazines) was among his most fecund, with more than half the stories of the three-volume and eighty-four-story ''Galpaguchchha'' written.. With irony and emotional weight, they depicted a wide range of Bengali lifestyles, particularly village life.. SANTINIKETAN (1901–1932) .]] In 1901, Tagore left Shelidah and moved to Santiniketan (now in West Bengal ) to found an Ashram , which would grow to include a marble-floored prayer hall ("The Mandir "), an experimental school, groves of trees, gardens, and a library.. There, Tagore's wife and two of his children died. His father also died on 19 January 1905 , and he began receiving monthly payments as part of his inheritance; he also received income from the Maharaja of Tripura , sales of his family's jewellery, his seaside bungalow in Puri , and mediocre royalties (Rs. 2,000) from his works.. These gained him a large following among Bengali and foreign readers alike, and he published such works as ''Naivedya'' (1901) and ''Kheya'' (1906) while translating his poems into Free Verse . Finally, on 14 November 1913 , Tagore learned that he was the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature winner. According to the Swedish Academy , it was given due to the idealistic and — for Western readers — accessible nature of a small body of his translated material, including the 1912 ''Gitanjali: Song Offerings''.. , England in 1912 by John Rothenstein .]] In 1921, Tagore and agricultural economist Leonard Elmhirst set up the Institute for Rural Reconstruction (which Tagore later renamed Shriniketan — "Abode of Plenty") in Surul, a village near the ashram at Santiniketan. Through it, Tagore sought to provide an alternative to Gandhi's symbol- and protest-based '' Swaraj '' movement, which he denounced.. He recruited scholars, donors, and officials from many countries to help the Institute use schooling to "free village from the shackles of helplessness and ignorance" by "vitaliz[ing knowledge"... In the early 1930s, he also grew more concerned about India's "abnormal caste consciousness" and Untouchability , lecturing on its evils, writing poems and dramas with Untouchable protagonists, and appealing to authorities at Kerala 's Guruvayoor Temple to admit Dalit s... TWILIGHT YEARS (1932–1941) during their widely-publicized July 14 , 1930 conversation.]] In his last decade, Tagore remained in the public limelight, publicly upbraiding Gandhi for stating that a massive 15 January 1934 Earthquake in Bihar constituted Divine Retribution for the subjugation of Dalits.. He also mourned the incipient socioeconomic decline of Bengal and the endemic poverty of Calcutta; he detailed the latter in an un Rhyme d hundred-line poem whose technique of searing double-vision would foreshadow Satyajit Ray 's film '' Apur Sansar ''... Tagore also compiled fifteen volumes of writings, including the prose-poems works ''Punashcha'' (1932), ''Shes Saptak'' (1935), and ''Patraput'' (1936). He also continued his experimentations by developing prose-songs and dance-dramas, including ''Chitrangada'' (1936), ''Shyama'' (1939), and ''Chandalika'' (1938). He also wrote the novels ''Dui Bon'' (1933), ''Malancha'' (1934), and ''Char Adhyay'' (1934). Tagore also took an interest in science in his last years, writing ''Visva-Parichay'' (a collection of essays) in 1937. He explored Biology , Physics , and Astronomy ; meanwhile, his poetry — containing extensive naturalism — underscored his respect for scientific laws. He also wove the process of science (including narratives of scientists) into many stories contained in such volumes as ''Se'' (1937), ''Tin Sangi'' (1940), and ''Galpasalpa'' (1941).. at Santiniketan in 1940.]] Tagore's last four years (1937–1941) were marked by chronic pain and two long periods of illness. These began when Tagore lost consciousness in late 1937; he remained Coma tose and near death for an extended period. This was followed three years later in late 1940 by a similar spell, from which he never recovered. The poetry Tagore wrote in these years is among his finest, and is distinctive for its preoccupation with death; these more profound and mystical experimentations allowed Tagore to be branded a "modern poet"... After extended suffering, Tagore died on August 7 , 1941 (22 Shravan 1348) in an upstairs room of the Jorasanko mansion in which he was raised;.. his death anniversary is still mourned in public functions held across the Bangla-speaking world. TRAVELS in 1924.]] Owing to his notable wanderlust, between 1878 and 1932, Tagore visited more than thirty countries on five continents;. many of these trips were crucial in familiarising non-Bengali audiences to his works and spreading his political ideas. For example, in 1912, he took a sheaf of his translated works to England, where they impressed missionary and Gandhi protégé Charles F. Andrews , Anglo-Irish poet William Butler Yeats , Ezra Pound , Robert Bridges , Ernest Rhys , Thomas Sturge Moore , and others.. Indeed, Yeats wrote the preface to the English translation of Gitanjali, while Andrews joined Tagore at Santiniketan. On 10 November 1912 , Tagore toured the United States . and the United Kingdom, staying in Butterton , Staffordshire with Andrews’ clergymen friends.. From 3 May 1916 until April 1917, Tagore went on lecturing circuits in Japan and the United States ,. during which he denounced nationalism — particularly that of the Japanese and Americans. He also wrote the essay "Nationalism in India", attracting both derision and praise (the latter from pacifists, including Romain Rolland ).. Shortly after returning to India, the 63-year-old Tagore visited Peru at the invitation of the Peruvian government, and took the opportunity to also visit Mexico . Both governments pledged donations of $100,000 to the school at Shantiniketan (Visva-Bharati) in commemoration of his visits. . A week after his November 6 , 1924 arrival in Buenos Aires , Argentina ,. an ill Tagore moved into the Villa Miralrío at the behest of Victoria Ocampo . He left for Bengal in January 1925. On 30 May 1926 , Tagore reached Naples , Italy ; he met Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini in Rome the next day.. Their initially warm rapport lasted until Tagore spoke out against Mussolini on 20 July 1926 .. ian Majlis ( Tehran , April-May 1932).]] On 14 July 1927 , Tagore and two companions went on a four-month tour of Southeast Asia — visiting Bali , Java , Kuala Lumpur , Malacca , Penang , Siam , and Singapore . The travelogues from this tour were collected into the work “Jatri”.. . In early 1930 he left Bengal for a nearly year-long tour of Europe and the U.S. On his return to the U.K., while his paintings were being exhibited in Paris and London, he stayed at a Friends settlement in Birmingham . There, he wrote his Hibbert Lectures for the University Of Oxford (which dealt with the "idea of the humanity of our God, or the divinity of Man the Eternal") and spoke at London's annual Quaker gathering.. There (addressing relations between the British and Indians, a topic he would grapple with over the next two years), Tagore spoke of a "dark chasm of aloofness".. He later visited Aga Khan III , stayed at Dartington Hall , then toured Denmark , Switzerland , and Germany from June to mid-September 1930, then the Soviet Union .. Lastly, in April 1932, Tagore — who was acquainted with the legends and works of the Persia n mystic Hafez — was invited as a personal guest of Shah Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran ... Such extensive travels allowed Tagore to interact with many notable contemporaries, including Henri Bergson , Albert Einstein , Robert Frost , Mahatma Gandhi , Thomas Mann , George Bernard Shaw , H.G. Wells , Subhas Bose and Romain Rolland ... Tagore's last travels abroad, including visits to Persia and Iraq (in 1932) and Ceylon in 1933, only sharpened his opinions regarding human divisions and nationalism.. WORKS See Also: Literature of Rabindranath Tagore carvings. Tagore often embellished his manuscripts with such art. ]] Tagore's literary reputation is disproportionately influenced by regard for his poetry; however, he also wrote novels, essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, and thousands of songs. Of Tagore's prose, his short stories are perhaps most highly regarded; indeed, he is credited with originating the Bangla-language version of the genre. His works are frequently noted for their rhythmic, optimistic, and lyrical nature. However, such stories mostly borrow from deceptively simple subject matter — the lives of ordinary people. Novels and non-fiction Tagore wrote eight , and Patriarchical husband. In it, Tagore demonstrates his Feminist leanings, using '' Pathos '' to depict the plight and ultimate demise of Bengali women trapped by pregnancy, duty, and family honour; simultaneously, he treats the decline of Bengal's landed Oligarchy .. Other novels were more uplifting: ''Shesher Kobita'' (translated twice — ''Last Poem'' and ''Farewell Song'') is his most lyrical novel, with poems and rhythmic passages written by the main character (a poet). It also contains elements of Satire and Postmodernism , whereby Stock Character s gleefully attack the reputation of an old, outmoded, oppressively-renowned poet who, incidentally, goes by the name of Rabindranath Tagore. Though his novels remain among the least-appreciated of his works, they have been given renewed attention via Film Adaptation s by such Directors as Satyajit Ray ; these include ''Chokher Bali'' and '' Ghare Baire ''; many have soundtracks featuring selections from Tagore's own '' Rabindrasangit ''. Tagore also wrote many non-fiction books, writing on topics ranging from Indian History to Linguistics . In addition to Autobiographical works, his Travelogue s, Essay s, and Lecture s were compiled into several volumes, including ''Iurop Jatrir Patro'' (''Letters from Europe'') and ''Manusher Dhormo'' (''The Religion of Man''). Music and artwork Tagore was an accomplished musician and painter, writing around 2,230 songs. They comprise '' maestro Vilayat Khan , the '' Sarod iya'' Buddhadev Dasgupta, and composer Amjad Ali Khan .. , including this pastel-coloured rendition of a Malanggan mask from northern New Ireland .]] At age sixty, Tagore took up drawing and painting; successful exhibitions of his many works — which made a debut appearance in Paris upon encouragement by artists he met in the south of France. — were held throughout Europe. Tagore — who likely exhibited Protanopia ("color blindness"), or partial lack of (red-green, in Tagore's case) colour discernment — painted in a style characterised by peculiarities in aesthetic and colouring style. Nevertheless, Tagore took to emulating numerous styles, including that of craftwork by the Malanggan people of northern New Ireland , Haida carvings from the Pacific Northwest region of North America , and woodcuts by Max Pechstein .. Tagore also had an artist's eye for his own handwriting, embellishing the scribbles, cross-outs, and word layouts in his manuscripts with simple artistic Leitmotif s, including simple rhythmic designs. Theatrical pieces Tagore's experience in Theatre began at age sixteen, when he played the lead role in his brother Jyotirindranath's adaptation of Molière 's ''Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme''. At age twenty, he wrote his first drama- Opera — ''Valmiki Pratibha'' (''The Genius of Valmiki'') — which describes how the Bandit Valmiki reforms his Ethos , is blessed by Saraswati , and composes the '' Rāmāyana ''.. Through it, Tagore vigorously explores a wide range of dramatic styles and emotions, including usage of revamped '' Kirtan s'' and adaptation of traditional English and Irish folk melodies as Drinking Song s.. Another notable play, ''Dak Ghar'' (''The Post Office''), describes how a child — striving to escape his stuffy confines — ultimately "fall {Link without Title} asleep" (which suggests his physical death). A story with worldwide appeal (it received rave reviews in Europe), ''Dak Ghar'' dealt with death as, in Tagore's words, "spiritual freedom" from "the world of hoarded wealth and certified creeds"... His other works — emphasizing fusion of lyrical flow and emotional rhythm tightly focused on a core idea — were unlike previous Bengali dramas. His works sought to articulate, in Tagore's words, "the play of feeling and not of action". In 1890 he wrote ''Visarjan'' (''Sacrifice''), regarded as his finest drama.. The Bangla-language originals included intricate Subplot s and extended Monologue s. Later, his dramas probed more Philosophical and Allegorical themes; these included ''Dak Ghar''. Another is Tagore's ''Chandalika'' (''Untouchable Girl''), which was modeled on an ancient Buddhist legend describing how Ananda — the Gautama Buddha 's disciple — asks water of an '' Adivasi '' ("untouchable") girl.. Lastly, among his most famous dramas is ''Raktakaravi'' (''Red Oleanders''), which tells of a Kleptocratic king who enriches himself by forcing his subjects to Mine . The heroine, Nandini, eventually rallies the common people to destroy these symbols of subjugation. Tagore's other plays include ''Chitrangada'', ''Raja'', and ''Mayar Khela''. Short stories The four years from 1891 to 1895 are known as Tagore’s "Sadhana" period (named for one of Tagore’s magazines). This period was among Tagore 's most fecund, yielding more than half the stories contained in the three-volume ''Galpaguchchha'', which itself is a collection of eighty-four stories.. Such stories usually showcase Tagore’s reflections upon his surroundings, on modern and fashionable ideas, and on interesting mind puzzles (which Tagore was fond of testing his intellect with). Tagore typically associated his earliest stories (such as those of the "''Sadhana''" period) with an exuberance of vitality and spontaneity; these characteristics were intimately connected with Tagore’s life in the common villages of, among others, Patisar, Shajadpur, and Shilaida while managing the Tagore family’s vast landholdings.. There, he beheld the lives of India’s poor and common people; Tagore thereby took to examining their lives with a penetrative depth and feeling that was singular in Indian literature up to that point.. In particular, such stories as "Cabuliwallah" ("The Fruitseller from Kabul ", published in 1892), "Kshudita Pashan" ("The Hungry Stones", 1895), and "Atithi" ("The Runaway", 1895) typified this analytic focus on the downtrodden.. In "The Fruitseller from Kabul", Tagore speaks in first person as town-dweller and novelist who chances upon the Afghani seller. He attempts to distil the sense of longing felt by those long trapped in the mundane and hardscrabble confines of Indian urban life, giving play to dreams of a different existence in the distant and wild mountains: "There were autumn mornings, the time of year when kings of old went forth to conquest; and I, never stirring from my little corner in Calcutta, would let my mind wander over the whole world. At the very name of another country, my heart would go out to it ... I would fall to weaving a network of dreams: the mountains, the glens, the forest .... ".. Many of the other ''Galpaguchchha'' stories were written in Tagore’s ''Sabuj Patra'' period (1914–1917; also named for one of Tagore's magazines).. Tagore's ''Golpoguchchho'' (''Bunch of Stories'') remains among Bangla literature's most popular fictional works, providing subject matter for many successful films and theatrical plays, including Satyajit Ray 's film '' Charulata ''. For example, in ''Atithi'' (also made into a film), the young Brahmin boy Tarapada shares a boat ride with a village Zamindar . The boy reveals that he has run away from home, only to wander around ever since. Taking pity, the zamindar adopts him and ultimately arranges his marriage to the zamindar's own daughter. However, the night before the wedding, Tarapada runs off — again. ''Strir Patra'' (''The Letter from the Wife'') is among Bangla literature's earliest depictions of the bold emancipation of women. The heroine Mrinal, the wife of a typical Patriarchical Bengali middle class man, writes a letter while she is traveling (which constitutes the whole story). It details the pettiness of her life and struggles; she finally declares that she will not return to her husband's home with the statement ''Amio bachbo. Ei bachlum'' ("And I shall live. Here, I live"). In ''Haimanti'', Tagore takes on the institution of Hindu marriage, describing the dismal lifelessness of married Bengali women, hypocrisies plaguing the Indian Middle Class es, and how Haimanti, a sensitive young woman, must — due to her sensitiveness and free spirit — sacrifice her life. In the last passage, Tagore directly attacks the Hindu custom of glorifying Sita 's attempted Self-immolation as a means of appeasing her husband Rama 's doubts. Tagore also examines Hindu- Muslim tensions in ''Musalmani Didi'', which in many ways embodies the essence of Tagore's Humanism . On the other hand, ''Darpaharan'' exhibits Tagore's self-consciousness, describing a young man harboring literary ambitions. Though he loves his wife, he wishes to stifle her own literary career, deeming it unfeminine. Tagore himself, in his youth, seems to have harbored similar ideas about women. ''Darpaharan'' depicts the final humbling of the man via his acceptance of his wife's talents. As many other Tagore stories, ''Jibito o Mrito'' provides the Bengalis with one of their more widely used epigrams: ''Kadombini moriya proman korilo she more nai'' ("Kadombini died, thereby proved that she hadn't"). Poetry during the annual Holi festival.]] Tagore's poetry — which varied in style from classical formalism to the comic, visionary, and ecstatic — proceeds out a lineage established by 15th- and 16th-century poets. Tagore was also influenced by the Mysticism of the Rishi -authors who — including Vyasa — wrote the Upanishad s, the Bhakta - Sufi Mystic Kabir , and Ramprasad .. Yet Tagore's poetry became most innovative and mature after his exposure to rural Bengal's Folk Music , which included Ballad s sung by Folk Singer s — especially the Bard Lalon ... These — which were rediscovered and popularised by Tagore — resemble 19th-century hymns that emphasize inward divinity and rebellion against religious and social orthodoxy... During his Shelidah years, his poems took on a lyrical quality, speaking via the ''maner manus'' (the Bāuls' "man within the heart") or meditating upon the ''jivan devata'' ("living God within"). This figure thus sought connection with divinity through appeal to nature and the emotional interplay of human drama. Tagore used such techniques in his poems (which chronicle the romanticism between Radha and Krishna ), which he repeatedly revised over the course of seventy years... Later, Tagore responded to the (mostly) crude emergence of Modernism and Realism in Bengali literature by writing experimental works in the 1930s.. Examples works include ''Africa'' and ''Camalia'', which are among the better known of his latter poems. He also occasionally wrote poems using ''Shadhu Bhasha'' (a Sanskrit ised Dialect of Bangla); later, he began using ''Chalit'' (a more popular dialect). Other notable works include ''Manasi'', ''Sonar Tori'' (''Golden Boat''), ''Balaka'' (''Wild Geese'' — the title being a Metaphor for migrating souls),. and ''Purobi''. ''Sonar Tori'''s most famous poem — dealing with the ephemeral nature of life and achievement — goes by the same name; it ends with the haunting phrase "শূন্য নদীর তীরে রহিনু পড়ি / যাহা ছিল লয়ে গেল সোনার তরী" ("''shunya nadir tire rahinu pari / jaha chhilo loye gelo shonar tori''" — "all I had achieved was carried off on the golden boat — only I was left behind."). However, internationally, ''Gitanjali'' () is Tagore's best-known collection, winning him his Nobel Prize.. Song VII (গীতাঞ্জলি 127) of ''Gitanjali'': edition of Tagore's ''Gitanjali''.]] Free-verse translation by Tagore (''Gitanjali'', verse VII): POLITICAL VIEWS and wife Kasturba at Santiniketan in 1940.]] Marked complexities characterise Tagore's political views. Though he criticised European imperialism and supported Indian nationalists,... he also lampooned the hotel in late 1916, Tagore narrowly escaped assassination by Indian expatriates — the plot failed only because the would-be assassins fell into argument.. Yet Tagore wrote songs lionizing the Indian Independence Movement and Renounced His Knighthood in protest against the 1919 Amritsar Massacre .. Despite his tumultuous relations with Gandhi, Tagore was also key in resolving a Gandhi- B. R. Ambedkar dispute involving separate electorates for untouchables, ending a fast "unto death" by Gandhi... 1961 commemorative Indian postage stamp.]] Tagore also criticised orthodox (rote-oriented) education, lampooning it in the short story "The Parrot's Training", where a bird — which ultimately dies — is caged by tutors and force-fed pages torn from books... These views led Tagore — while visiting Santa Barbara, California on 11 October 1917 — to conceive of a new type of university, desiring to "make ashram at Santiniketan the connecting thread between India and the world ... [and] a world center for the study of humanity ... somewhere beyond the limits of nation and geography.". The school — which he named Visva-Bharati — had its foundation stone laid on 22 December 1918 ; it was later inaugurated on 22 December 1921 .. Here, Tagore implemented a '' Brahmacharya '' pedagogical structure employing '' Guru s'' to provide individualised guidance for pupils. Tagore worked hard to fundraise for and staff the school, even contributing all of his Nobel Prize monies.. Tagore’s duties as steward and mentor at Santiniketan kept him busy; he taught classes in mornings and wrote the students' textbooks in afternoons and evenings.. Tagore also fundraised extensively for the school in Europe and the U.S. between 1919 and 1921.. IMPACT AND LEGACY of Tagore in the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial 's Tagore Memorial Room ( Ahmedabad , India ).]] Tagore's post-death impact can be felt through the many festivals held worldwide in his honour — examples include the annual Bengali festival/celebration of ''Kabipranam'' (Tagore's birthday anniversary), the annual Tagore Festival held in Urbana , Illinois in the United States, the ''Rabindra Path Parikrama'' walking pilgrimages leading from Calcutta to Shantiniketan, and ceremonial recitals of Tagore's poetry held on important anniversaries.... This legacy is most palpable in Bengali culture, ranging from language and arts to history and politics; indeed, Nobel laureate Amartya Sen noted that even for modern Bengalis, Tagore was a "towering figure", being a "deeply relevant and many-sided contemporary thinker".. Tagore's collected Bangla-language writings — the 1939 '''' — is also canonized as one of Bengal's greatest cultural treasures, while Tagore himself has been proclaimed "the greatest poet India has produced".. He was also famed throughout much of Europe, North America, and East Asia. He was key in founding Dartington Hall School , a progressive coeducational institution; in Japan, he influenced such figures as Nobel laureate Yasunari Kawabata .. Tagore's works were widely translated into many European languages — a process that began with Czech Indologist Vincent Slesny. and French Nobel laureate André Gide — including Russian, English, Dutch, German, Spanish, and others. In the United States, Tagore's popular lecturing circuits (especially those between 1916–1917) were widely attended and acclaimed. Nevertheless, several controversies involving Tagore resulted in a decline in his popularity in Japan and North America after the late 1920s, contributing to his "near total eclipse" outside of Bengal.. Tagore, through Spanish translations of his works, also influenced leading figures of Spanish Literature , including Argentine Zenobia Camprubí, Chile ans Pablo Neruda and Gabriela Mistral , Mexican writer Octavio Paz , and Spaniards José Ortega Y Gasset and Juan Ramón Jiménez . Between 1914 and 1922, the Jiménez-Camprubí spouses translated no less than twenty-two of Tagore's books from English into Spanish. Jiménez, as part of this work, also extensively revised and adapted such works as Tagore's ''The Crescent Moon''. Indeed, during this time, Jiménez developed the now-heralded innovation of "naked poetry" ().. Meanwhile, Ortega y Gasset wrote that "Tagore's wide appeal stem from the fact that he speaks of longings for perfection that we all have .... Tagore awakens a dormant sense of childish wonder, and he saturates the air with all kinds of enchanting promises for the reader, who ... pays little attention to the deeper import of Oriental mysticism". Indeed, Tagore's works were — alongside works by Dante Alighieri , Miguel De Cervantes , Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe , Plato , and Leo Tolstoy — published in free editions around 1920. Modern remnants of a once widespread Latin America n reverence of Tagore were discovered, for example, by an astonished Salman Rushdie during a trip to Nicaragua .. But over time, Tagore's talents came to be regarded by many as over-rated, leading Graham Greene to say in 1937 that "I cannot believe that anyone but Mr. Yeats can still take his poems very seriously.". BIBLIOGRAPHY (PARTIAL) ; — Bangla-language originals — ; — English-language translations — NOTES CITATIONS Full citations of utilised sources are listed under " References ". TIMELINE Timeline of Rabindranath Tagore's life (1861-1941) ImageSize = width:390 height:1600 PlotArea = left:40 right:10 top:10 bottom:10 DateFormat = yyyy TimeAxis = orientation:vertical order:reverse format:yyyy Period = from:1855 till:1945 AlignBars = early ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:1860 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1855 Colors = id:gray value:gray(0.7) id:lightsteelblue value:rgb(0.418, 0.609, 0.800) Define = 20 # shift text to right side of bar PlotData = bar:event width:20 color:gray shift:(,-4) from:start till:end color:lightsteelblue mark:(line,white) at:1861 text:"1861: Born in Jorasanko, Calcutta" at:1873 text:"1873: Tours northern India with father Debendranath" at:1877 text:"1877: Publishes first poetry using pseudonym 'Bhānusiṃha'" at:1878 text:"1878: Travels to England for formal schooling" at:1880 text:"1880: Returns to Bengal from England" at:1883 text:"1883: Marries Mrinalini Devi" at:1890 text:"1890: Begins managing family estates in Bengal and Orissa" at:1901 text:"1901: Moves to Santiniketan and founds an ashram" at:1913 text:"1913: Wins Nobel Prize in Literature" at:1915 text:"1915: Knighted by Lord Hardinge" at:1916 text:"1916: Begins year-long tour of Japan and the USA" at:1919 text:"1919: Unsuccessfully attempts to renounce his knighthood" at:1921 text:"1921: Inaugurates Visva-Bharati University" at:1924 text:"1924: Begins touring China, Japan, and Argentina" at:1930 text:"1930: Begins lecturing in Europe, the USSR, and the USA" at:1935 text:"1935: Protests Italian invasion of Ethiopia in poem 'Africa'" at:1937 text:"1937: Rejects degree from Berlin University to protest Nazis" at:1938 text:"1938: Denounces Yone Noguchi's endorsement of Japanese wars" at:1940 text:"1940: Awarded an honorary doctorate by Oxford" at:1941 text:"1941: Dies in Jorasanko" TextData = tabs:(25-left) pos:(100,710) fontsize:6 text:" " REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
EXTERNAL LINKS ;Biographical ;Readings ;Texts and analyses
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