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This article is about linguistics. For the voicemail service, see Phonetic (service) Phonetic transcription (or '''phonetic notation''') is the visual system of symbolization of the sounds occurring in spoken human Language . The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet (such as the International Phonetic Alphabet ). PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION VS. ORTHOGRAPHY Eye Dialect . HISTORY TYPES OF NOTATIONAL SYSTEMS Most phonetic transcription is based on the assumption that linguistic sounds are segmentable into discrete units than can be represented by symbols. Alphabetic The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is one of the most popular and well-known phonetic alphabets. It was originally created by primarily British language teachers, with later efforts from European phoneticians and linguists. It has changed from its earlier intention as a tool of foreign language pedagogy to a practical alphabet of linguists. It is currently becoming the most often seen alphabet in the field of phonetics. Another commonly encountered alphabetic tradition is the Americanist phonetic alphabet, originally created for the transcription of Native American and European languages. There exist somewhat similar traditions used by linguists of Indic, Finno-Ugric , Caucasian, and Slavic languages. The difference between these alphabets and IPA is relatively small, although often the specially created characters of the IPA are often abandoned in favour of already existing characters with diacritics (e.g. many characters are borrowed from Eastern European orthographies). There are also extended versions of the IPA, for example: extIPA, VoQs, and Luciano Canepari's ''canIPA'' . Narrow and broad transcription Phonology , Phoneme . There are two general types of alphabetic phonetic transcription: broad transcription and '''narrow transcription'''. Broad transcription is usually just a transcriptions of the Phoneme s of an utterance, whereas narrow transcription encodes information about the phonetic variations of the specific Allophone s in the utterance. copied from IPA: Phonetic transcription should be enclosed in Square Brackets (" "). A transcription that specifically denotes only phonological contrasts may be enclosed in Slash es ("/ /") instead. If you are in doubt, it is best to use brackets, for by setting off a transcription with slashes you are making a theoretical claim that every symbol within is phonemically contrastive for the language you are transcribing. For phonetic transcriptions, there is flexibility in how closely you transcribe sounds. A transcription that gives only a basic idea of the sounds of a language in the broadest terms is called a "broad transcription"; in some cases this may be equivalent to a phonemic transcription (only without any theoretical claims). A close transcription, indicating precise details of the sounds, is called a "narrow transcription". These are not binary choices, but the ends of a continuum, with many possibilities in between. All are enclosed in brackets. For example, in some dialects the English word ''pretzel'' in a narrow transcription would be , which notes several phonetic features that may not even be evident to a native speaker. An example of a broader transcription is , which only indicates some of the features that are easier to hear. A yet broader transcription would be . Here every symbol represents an unambiguous speech sound, but without making any claims as to their status in the language. There are also several possibilities in how to transcribe this word phonemically, but here the differences are not of precision, but of analysis. For example, ''pretzel'' could be or . The special symbol for English ''r'' is not used, for it is not meaningful to distinguish it from a rolled ''r''. The differences in the letter ''e'' reflect claims as to what the essential difference is between the vowels of ''pretzel'' and ''pray''; there are half a dozen ideas in the literature as to what this may be. The second transcription claims that there are two vowels in the word, even if they can't both be heard, while the first claims there is only one. | ||
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