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Considered under the rubric of the Greek term techne (art, or craft knowledge) the philosophy of technology goes to the very roots of western philosophy. In the Republic Plato sees techne as the basis for the philosophers' proper rule in the city. In the Ethics (Book 6) Aristotle describes techne as one of the 4 ways that we can know about the world. The Stoics argued that virtue is a kind of technê based upon a proper understanding of the universe. While 19th Century philosophers such as Karl Marx were philosophically interested in tools and techniques, the most prominent 20th century philosophers to directly address modern technology were John Dewey and Martin Heidegger . Both saw technology as central to modern life, although (to speak roughly) Dewey was optimistic about the role of technology, Heidegger pessimistic. Dewey's work on technology was dispersed throughout his corpus, while Heidegger's major work on technology may be found in The Question Concerning Technology . In the 1960's, . Major contemporary philosophers of technology include Albert Borgmann , Don Idhe , Jean Baudrillard , Andrew Feenberg and Donna Haraway . SEE ALSO REFERENCES
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