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This is a sub-article of Artificial Intelligence (AI), focusing on the '''Philosophy of artificial intelligence'''. STRONG VS. WEAK AI The debates on Weak AI vs. Strong Artificial Intelligence is still a hot topic amongst AI Philosopher s. This involves Philosophy Of Mind and the Mind-body Problem . Most notably Roger Penrose , in his book " The Emperor's New Mind " and Searle with his " Chinese Room " exercise, argue that true Consciousness can not be achieved by Formal Logic systems, while Douglas Hofstadter in " Gödel, Escher, Bach " and Daniel Dennett in " Consciousness Explained " argue in favour of Functionalism . In many strong AI supporters’ opinion Artificial Consciousness is considered as the Holy Grail of artificial intelligence. ETHICAL ISSUES OF AI Artificial Intelligence , or AI, is a somewhat recent (1960s) development in Computer Science . If Sentient AIs, as depicted in many science fiction movies, became real, many ethical problems would derive from that.
A major influence in the AI ethics dialogue was Isaac Asimov who fictitiously created Three Laws Of Robotics to govern artificial intelligent systems. Much of his work was then spent testing the boundaries of his three laws to see where they would break down, or where they would create paradoxical or unanticipated behavior. Ultimately, a reading of his work concludes that no set of fixed laws can sufficiently match the possible behavior of AI agents and human society. A criticism of Asimov's robot laws is that the installation of unalterable laws into a sentient consciousness would be a limitation of Free Will and therefore unethical. Consequently, Asimov's robot laws would be restricted to explicitly non-sentient machines, which possibly could not be made to reliably understand them under all possible circumstances. The movie The Thirteenth Floor suggests a future where simulated worlds with sentient inhabitants are created by computer Game Console s for the purpose of entertainment. The movie The Matrix suggests a future where the dominant species on planet Earth are sentient machines and humanity is treated with utmost Speciesism . The short story The Planck Dive suggest a future where humanity has turned itself into software that can be dublicated and optimized and the relevant distinction between types of software is sentient and non-sentient. The same idea can be found in the Emergency Medical Hologram of Starship Voyager , which is an apparently sentient copy of a reduced subset of the consciousness of its creator, Dr. Zimmerman , who, for the best motives, has created the system to give medical assistance in case of emergencies. The movies Bicentennial Man and A.I. deal with the possibility of sentient robots that could love. I, Robot explored some aspects of Asimov's three laws. All these scenarios try to foresee possibly unethical consequences of the creation of sentient computers. Over time, debates have tended to focus less and less on ''possibility'' and more on ''desirability'', as emphasized in the "Cosmist" and "Terran" debates initiated by Hugo De Garis and Kevin Warwick . A Cosmist, according to Hugo de Garis, is actually seeking to build more intelligent successors to the human species. EXPECTATIONS OF AI AI methods are often employed in . This goal is unlikely to be met in the near future and is no longer the subject of most serious AI research. The label "AI" has something of a bad name due to the failure of these early expectations, and aggravation by various popular science writers and media personalities such as Professor Kevin Warwick whose work has raised the expectations of AI research far beyond its current capabilities. For this reason, many AI researchers say they work in Cognitive Science , Informatics , Statistical Inference or Information Engineering . Recent research areas include Bayesian Network s and Artificial Life . The vision of artificial intelligence replacing human professional judgment has arisen many times in the history of the field, and today in some specialized areas where " Expert System s" are routinely used to augment or to replace professional judgment in some areas of engineering and of medicine. Even though a substantial amount of AI functionality exists in everyday software, some misinformed commentators on computer technology have tried to suggest that a good definition of AI would be "research that has not yet been commercialised". This happens because when AI gets incorporated into an operating system or application it becomes an understated feature. STRONG VS. WEAK AI The debates on Weak AI vs. Strong Artificial Intelligence is still a hot topic amongst AI Philosopher s. This involves Philosophy Of Mind and the Mind-body Problem . Most notably Roger Penrose , in his book " The Emperor's New Mind " and Searle with his " Chinese Room " exercise, argue that true Consciousness can not be achieved by Formal Logic systems, while Douglas Hofstadter in " Gödel, Escher, Bach " and Daniel Dennett in " Consciousness Explained " argue in favour of Functionalism . In many strong AI supporters’ opinion Artificial Consciousness is considered as the Holy Grail of artificial intelligence. ETHICAL ISSUES OF AI Artificial Intelligence , or AI, is a somewhat recent (1960s) development in Computer Science . If Sentient AIs, as depicted in many science fiction movies, became real, many ethical problems would derive from that.
A major influence in the AI ethics dialogue was Isaac Asimov who fictitiously created Three Laws Of Robotics to govern artificial intelligent systems. Much of his work was then spent testing the boundaries of his three laws to see where they would break down, or where they would create paradoxical or unanticipated behavior. Ultimately, a reading of his work concludes that no set of fixed laws can sufficiently match the possible behavior of AI agents and human society. A criticism of Asimov's robot laws is that the installation of unalterable laws into a sentient consciousness would be a limitation of Free Will and therefore unethical. Consequently, Asimov's robot laws would be restricted to explicitly non-sentient machines, which possibly could not be made to reliably understand them under all possible circumstances. The movie The Thirteenth Floor suggests a future where simulated worlds with sentient inhabitants are created by computer Game Console s for the purpose of entertainment. The movie The Matrix suggests a future where the dominant species on planet Earth are sentient machines and humanity is treated with utmost Speciesism . The short story The Planck Dive suggest a future where humanity has turned itself into software that can be dublicated and optimized and the relevant distinction between types of software is sentient and non-sentient. The same idea can be found in the Emergency Medical Hologram of Starship Voyager , which is an apparently sentient copy of a reduced subset of the consciousness of its creator, Dr. Zimmerman , who, for the best motives, has created the system to give medical assistance in case of emergencies. The movies Bicentennial Man and A.I. deal with the possibility of sentient robots that could love. I, Robot explored some aspects of Asimov's three laws. All these scenarios try to foresee possibly unethical consequences of the creation of sentient computers. Over time, debates have tended to focus less and less on ''possibility'' and more on ''desirability'', as emphasized in the "Cosmist" and "Terran" debates initiated by Hugo De Garis and Kevin Warwick . A Cosmist, according to Hugo de Garis, is actually seeking to build more intelligent successors to the human species. PHILOSOPHY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Intelligence is the capability to solve perceptual problems. By the term "perceptual", we mean individual, special, random, fuzzy, sensory, and/or emotional. Solving such problems requires accumulation, induction and inference of experiences to form new knowledge. Artificial intelligence is defined as intelligence exhibited by an artificial entity. Such an entity is generally computer-controlled, therefore artificial intelligence in this context is pre-programmed. Humans use intuition and viewpoints to make judgments and choices instead of using precise rules or procedures. However, almost none of those used by human being can be done programmatically. In conclusion, we can say that no matter how powerful a computer might be, if it works only upon a given set of rules/programs, it is not regarded as to have real intelligence. SEE ALSO
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