| Peat Swamp |
Article Index for Peat |
Shopping Peat |
Articles about Peat |
Information AboutPeat Swamp |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT PEAT | |
| coal | |
| pedology | |
| soil improvers | |
| sediments | |
| energy sources | |
|
Peat is an accumulation of partially Decay ed Vegetation Matter . Peat forms in Wetland s or ''peatlands'', variously called '' Bog s'', ''moors'', '' Muskeg s'', ''mires'', '' Tropical Swamp Forest s'' and '' Fen s''. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION , Germany]] Peat deposits are found in many places around the world, notably in Russia , Ireland , Scotland , northern Germany and Scandinavia , and in North America principally in Canada , Michigan and the Florida Everglades . The majority (around 80%) of peatlands are found in high latitudes; approximately 60% of the world's wetlands are peat. Peatlands cover a total of around 3% of global land mass or 3,850,000 to 4,100,000 km². About 7% of this total has been exploited for agriculture and forestry, with significant environmental repercussions. Peat is usually under much soil and pressure. After time, peat will turn into Lignite coal. PEAT FORMATION Peat forms when plant material, usually in marshy areas, is inhibited from decaying fully by acidic conditions. It is composed mainly of peat moss or , as well as other types of organic remains, such as Insect s, and animal corpses. Under certain conditions the decomposition of the latter ones in the absence of oxygen is inhibited, and Archaeology often takes an advantage of this. Peat layer growth and degree of decomposition (or ''humification'') depends principally on its composition and on the degree of waterlogging. Peat formed in very wet conditions will grow considerably faster, and be less decomposed, than that in drier places. This allows Climatologists to use peat as an indicator of climatic change. The composition of peat can also be used to reconstruct ancient ecologies by examining the types and quantities of its organic elements. Under the right conditions, peat is the earliest stage in the formation of Coal . Most modern peat bogs formed in high latitudes after the retreat of the glaciers at the end of the last Ice Age some 9,000 years ago. They usually grow slowly, at the rate of about a millimetre per year. TYPES OF PEATLAND Six principal types of Peatland s are widely recognized. These are:
CHARACTERISTICS AND USES Peat is soft and easily compressed. Under pressure, water in the peat is forced out. Upon drying, peat can be used as a Fuel , and is traditionally used for cooking and domestic heating in many countries including Ireland and Scotland , where trees are often scarce. Stacks of drying peat dug from the bogs can still be seen in some rural areas. Peat is also dug into Soil to increase the soil's capacity to retain Moisture and add Nutrient s. This makes it of considerable importance agriculturally, for farmers and gardeners alike. Its insulating properties make it of use to industry as well. Peat fires are used to dry malted Barley for use in Scotch Whisky distillation. This gives Scotch whisky its distinctive smoky flavour, often referred to as "peatiness" by its aficionados. Although peat has many uses for humans, it also presents severe problems at times. When dry, it can be a major fire hazard, as peat fires can burn, even underground provided there is a source of oxygen, almost indefinitely (or at least until the fuel source has been exhausted). Peat deposits also pose major difficulties to builders of roads and railways. When the West Highland Line was built across Rannoch Moor in western Scotland , its builders had to float the tracks on a mattress of tree roots, brushwood and thousands of tons of earth and ashes. During prehistoric times, peat bogs had considerable ritual significance to Bronze Age and Iron Age peoples, who considered them to be home to (or at least associated with) nature gods or spirits. The bodies of the victims of ritual sacrifices have been found in a number of locations in England , Germany and Denmark , almost perfectly preserved by the tanning properties of the acidic water. (See Tollund Man for one of the most famous examples of a Bog Body ). Peat wetlands formerly had a degree of metallurgical importance as well. During the Dark Ages , peat bogs were the primary source of Bog Iron , used to create the swords and armour of the Vikings . Many peat swamps along the coast of Malaysia serve as a natural means of flood mitigation. The peat swamps serve like a natural form of water catchment whereby any overflow will be absorbed by the peat. However, this is effective only if the forests are still present, since they prevent peat fires. Peat is also an important raw material in Horticulture , it is used in medicine and Balneology , to produce filters, Textiles etc. Peat production in Ireland In Ireland , large-scale domestic and industrial peat usage is still widespread. A state-owned company called Bord Na Móna is responsible for managing peat production. It sells processed peat fuel in the form of peat Briquette s which are used for domestic heating. These are oblong bars of densely compressed, dried and shredded peat. Peat Moss is a manufactured product for use in garden cultivation. Turf (dried out peat Sod s) is not so commonly used in modern Ireland. Peat in Finland Thanks to the climate, geography and environment of Finland bogs and peat bogs (''turvesuo'' in finnish) are a commonplace phenomenon in Finland - Infact 26% of the land area of Finland is bog of some sort. Because of this abundance of sources, peat is available in considerable quantities: Some estimates put the amount of peat in Finland alone to be twice the size of North Sea oil reserves This abundant resource is used to produce both heat and electricity, often mixed with wood. Peat covers approximately 6,2% of Finland's yearly energy production, second only to Ireland. [http://www.motiva.fi/fi/kirjasto/uusiutuvatenergialahteetsuomessa/muutbiomassaenergianlahteet/turve.html Furthermore, in Finland peat is often considered a special form of Biofuel because of the relatively fast released CO2 retake rate (if the bog is forested ~10-15% in 100 years) and the fact that peat bog actively binds CO2 on a similar levels to a growing forest. However, because of the stance of EU and the fact that the total regrowth rate of a single peat bog is indeed slower, from 1,000 up to 5,000 years, than for example that of a forest its official status lies somewhere between truly renewable bio-fuels and fossilized fuels. {Link without Title} State-owned company VAPO is among world leaders in peat production with approx. 9 million m^3/year (in 2004). {Link without Title} ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL ISSUES Because of the challenging ecological conditions of peat wetlands, they are home to many rare and specialised organisms that are found nowhere else. Some environmental organisation have pointed out that the large-scale removal of peat from bogs in Britain and Ireland is destroying precious wildlife habitats. It takes centuries for a peat bog to regenerate. Recent studies indicate that the world's largest peat bog, located in Western Siberia and the size of France and Germany combined, is thawing for the first time in 11,000 years. As the permafrost melts, it could release billions of tonnes of methane gas into the atmosphere, greatly exacerbating global warming. Such discoveries are causing climate scientists to have to revise upwards their estimates of the rate of increase in global temperatures. Peat fires .]] , 2004.]] Recent burning of peat bogs in Indonesia, with their large and deep growths containing more than 50 billion tons of carbon, has contributed to increases in world Carbon Dioxide levels. Peat deposits in southeast Asia could be destroyed by 2040. [http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/biomass_burn/wildland.html In 1997, it is estimated that peat and forest fires in Indonesia released between 0.81 and 2.57 Gt of carbon; equivalent to 13-40 percent of the amount released by global fossil fuel burning, and greater than the carbon uptake of the world's biosphere. 1997 was unusually high, however. These fires likely are responsible for the boost in the increase in carbon dioxide levels since being noticed in 1997 [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6613 . WISE USE AND PEAT SWAMP PROTECTION In June 2002 the United Nations Development Programme launched the Wetlands Ecosystem and Tropical Peat Swamp Forest Rehabilitation Project. This project is targeted to last for 5 years till 2007 and brings together the efforts of various non-government organisations. In November 2002, the International Peat Society and the International Mire Conservation Group published guidelines on the "Wise Use of Mires and Peatlands — Backgrounds and Principles including a framework for decision-making". The aim of this publication is to develop mechanisms that can balance the conflicting demands on the global peatland heritage, to ensure its wise use to meet the needs of humankind. EXTERNAL LINKS
|
|
|