Information AboutParticiple |
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PARTICIPLES IN MODERN ENGLISH In the English Language , there are two types of participle: # the present participle, also known as the imperfect participle, which is formed by adding the suffix "-ing" to a verb (the form is the same as that of a Gerund , but the usage differs); and # the past participle, sometimes known as the perfect participle, which is usually the same as the past-tense form, especially for verbs whose past-tense form ends in "-ed". The present participle in English is an active participle; the past participle is sometimes a passive participle (but sometimes not: in particular, the past participles of Intransitive Verb s are never passive, and are therefore sometimes used with active senses, such as in the expression ''fallen comrades'', and the perfect tense, formed with the perfect participle -- "has done, has made" is also active). Most Irregular Verb s do not follow this pattern for forming past participles. Only Modal Auxiliary Verb s fail to form present participles in English. All others form present participles by adding "-ing"; even the most irregular verbs do not vary from that pattern. Examples
Participles are adjectives and are often used in front of nouns; as in "I saw a ''talking'' horse", "It was the ''done'' thing" and "She sold the ''crashed'' car at a loss". A present participle is often confused with a Gerund , a Noun form of a verb with "-ing". PARTICIPLES IN OTHER LANGUAGES Latin Other languages have different sorts of participles. For example, Latin has:
Old English
French There are two basic participles:
Compound participles are possible:
Spanish In Spanish, the present participle (''el gerundio'') of a verb is generally formed with one of the suffixes ''-ando'', ''-iendo''; the past participle (''el participio'') is generally formed with one of the suffixes ''-ado'', ''-ido''. Traditionally, Spanish grammar has regarded the present participle not as an adjective, but as an adverb, and it does not change form to agree with any noun in gender or number. Nonetheless, it is used in much the same ways as the (adjective) present participle in English; for example, Spanish's equivalent of English's Progressive Aspect (e.g., ''to be doing'') is formed with a combination of the verb ''estar'' (''to be'' in a transient sense) and the present participle of the main verb (e.g., ''estar haciendo''). By contrast, the past participle is considered an adjective, and agrees with a noun in gender and number, except when used to express the Perfect Aspect (e.g., ''to have done'', which in Spanish is ''haber hecho''). Esperanto In Esperanto each Transitive Verb has two present participles (active and passive), two past participles, and two future participles. Some speakers have also analogously constructed two conditional participles. These are not in widespread use nor are they officially sanctioned by the Akademio De Esperanto , but nonetheless they are readily understood. Intransitive Verb s of course cannot have passive participles. SEE ALSO REFERENCES
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