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PAPAL SUPREMACY Papal supremacy, unlike Papal Infallibility , was not established by Roman Catholic Dogma , but was rather established through the work of Popes and other church officials who were either seeking to increase the Pope's authority or were displeased by the action of Christian kings and wished to take command of their lands and peoples. CREATION OF PAPAL SUPREMACY The creation of the term papal supremacy dates back to the 6th century, which was the beginning of the rise of the papacy to the position of not just religious power, but the power to be the ultimate ruler of the kingdoms within the Christian Community which it has since retained. In the complex development of papal supremacy, two broad phases may be emphasized. First Phase of the Creation of Papal Supremacy The first, extending from the late 6th to the late 8th century, was started by the turning of the papacy to the West and its escape from subordination to the authority of the Byzantine Emperors of Constantinople , such as Constantine The Great . This phase has sometimes incorrectly been credited to Pope Gregory I, whose reign lasted from 590 AD – 604 AD, who, like his predecessors, represented to the people of the Roman world a church that was still identified with the empire. Unlike some of those predecessors, Gregory was compelled to face the collapse of imperial authority in northern Italy. As the leading civilian official of the empire in Rome , it fell to him to take over the civil administration of the cities and to negotiate for its protection with the Lombard invaders threatening it. Another part of this phase occurred in the 8th century, after the rise of the new religion of Islam had weakened the Byzantine Empire and the Lombards had renewed their pressure in Italy. The popes finally sought support from the Frankish rulers of the West and received from the Frankish king Pepin The Short the Italian territory later known as the Papal States. With the crowning by Pope Leo III of Charlemagne , first of the Carolingian emperors, the papacy also gained his protection. Second Phase of the Creation of Papal Supremacy The second great phase in the process of Papal Supremacy's rise to prominence began, one that extended from the mid 11th to the mid 13th century. It was distinguished, first, by Gregory VII's bold attack after 1075 on the traditional practices whereby the emperor had controlled appointments to the higher church offices, an attack that spawned the protracted civil and ecclesiastical strife in Germany and Italy known as the Investiture Controversy . It was distinguished, second, by Urban II's launching in 1095 of the Crusades , which, in an attempt to liberate the Holy Land from Muslim domination, marshaled under papal leadership the aggressive energies of the European Nobility . Both these efforts, although ultimately unsuccessful, greatly enhanced papal prestige in the 12th and 13th centuries. Such powerful popes as Alexander III (r. 1159 - 81), Innocent III (r. 1198 - 1216), Gregory IX (r. 1227 - 41), and Innocent IV (r. 1243 - 54) wielded a primacy over the church that attempted to vindicate a jurisdictional supremacy over emperors and kings in temporal and spiritual affairs. EXAMPLES OF PAPAL SUPREMACY
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