refers to heavy bleeding during
Pregnancy ,
Labor , or the
Puerperium . Bleeding may be vaginal and external, or , less common but dangerous, internal, into the abdominal cavity. Typically bleeding is related to the pregnancy itself, but some forms of bleeding are caused by other events.
Obstetrical hemorrhage is a major cause of
Maternal Mortality .
The most common bleeding event is the loss of a pregnancy, a
Miscarriage , medically also called an abortion. Bleeding from an early miscarriages may be similar to that of a heavy
Menstruation , but later on, a pregnancy loss may be accompnied but excessive or prolonged bleeding. A physician may propose to perform a
D&C for treatment. An
Ectopic Pregnancy may lead to bleeding, often internally, that could be fatal if untreated.
The primary consideration is the presence of a
Placenta Previa , a condition that usually needs to be resolved by delivering the baby via
Cesarian Section . Also a placental
Abruption can lead to obstetrical hemorrhage, some times concealed.
Beside placenta previa and placental abruption,
Uterine Rupture can occur as a very serious condition leading to internal or external bleeding. Bleeding from the
Fetus is rare, usually not heavy, but always very serious for the baby.
Trauma from the delivery may tear tissue and vessels leading to significant postpartum bleeding.
Uterine Atony refers to the inability of the uterus to contract and will lead to continuous bleeding. Retained placental tissue and infection may contribute to uterine atony.
Pregnant patients may have bleeding from the reproductive tract due to trauma, including
Sexual Assault , neoplasm, most commonly
Cervical Cancer , and
Hematologic Disorder s.
The success of modern obstetrics is based to a good degree on the ability to recognize risk patients for obstetrical hemorrhage and their appropriate management. Key in this are methods of examination, including
Obstetric Ultrasonography , surgical obstetrics,
Blood Transfusion , and pharmacological support.
