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The multiplane camera is a special Motion Picture Camera used in the Traditional Animation process that moves a number of pieces of artwork past the camera at various speeds and at various distances from one another. This creates a Three-dimensional effect, although not actually Stereoscopic . Various parts of the artwork layers are left Transparent , to allow other layers to be seen behind them. The movements are calculated (in later years, often by Computer ) and photographed frame-by-frame, with the result being an illusion of depth by having several layers of artwork moving at different speeds - the further away from the camera, the slower the speed. The multiplane effect is sometimes referred to as a Parallax process. An interesting variation is to have the background and foreground move in ''opposite'' directions. This creates an effect of rotation. An early example is the scene in '' Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs '' where the evil Queen drinks her potion, and the surroundings appear to spin around her. HISTORY The first multiplane camera, using four layers of flat artwork before a horizontal camera, was invented by former Walt Disney Studios Animator / Director Ub Iwerks in 1933 , using parts from an old Chevrolet Automobile . His multiplane camera was used in a number of the Iwerks Studio's '' Willie Whopper '' and '' Comicolor '' Cartoon s of the mid- 1930s . The technicians at Fleischer Studios created a similar device, called the Tabletop or '''Setback''', in 1935 . Their apparatus used three-dimensional miniature sets built to the scale of the animation artwork. The animation cels were placed so that various objects could pass in front of and behind them, and the entire scene was shot using a horizontal camera. The Tabletop process was used to create distinctive results in Fleischer's '' Betty Boop '', '' Popeye The Sailor '', and '' Color Classics '' cartoons. Also Lotte Reiniger used a simple version of a multiplane camera for her movie '' The Adventures Of Prince Achmed '' (1926). The most famous multiplane camera was invented by William Garity for the Walt Disney Studios to be used in the production of '' Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs ''. The camera was completed in early 1937 and tested in a '' Silly Symphony '' called '' The Old Mill '', which won the 1937 Academy Award For Animated Short Film . Disney's multiplane camera, which used up to seven layers of artwork (painted in Oils on Glass ) shot under a vertical and moveable camera, allowed for more sophisticated uses than the Iwerks or Fleischer versions, and was used prominently in Disney films such as '' Pinocchio '', '' Fantasia '', '' Bambi '', and '' Peter Pan ''. Its final use was in 1989 's '' The Little Mermaid '', as the process was made obsolete by the implementation of the computerized CAPS process in the subsequent Disney films. An example of Digital multiplane can be found in the '' Firebird '' section of Disney's Fantasia 2000 . Yuri Norstein is still using a multiplane camera similar to the one used by the Walt Disney Studios. The usage of the multiplane effect is not restricted to usage in film animation; many Video Game s, including titles for the Super NES and Sega Genesis such as '' Super Mario World '', '' Sonic The Hedgehog 2 '', and '' Donkey Kong Country '', make prominent use of Parallax Scrolling , a related effect. EXTERNAL LINK |
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