Information AboutMorphine |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT MORPHINE | |
| analgesics | |
| class a drugs | |
| ethers | |
| mu-opioid agonists | |
| natural opium alkaloids | |
| opioids | |
| phenols | |
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Morphine ( INN ), the principal active agent in Opium , is a powerful Opioid Analgesic Drug . Like other Opiate s, morphine acts directly on the Central Nervous System (CNS) to Relieve pain, and at Synapse s of the Arcuate Nucleus , in particular. Side effects include impairment of mental performance, Euphoria , drowsiness, lethargy, and blurred vision. It also decreases hunger, inhibits the cough reflex, and produces constipation. Morphine is usually highly Addictive when compared to other substances, and tolerance and physical and psychological dependence develop quickly. Patients on morphine often report Insomnia and Nightmare s. The word derives from Morpheus , the god of Dreams in Greek Mythology . MEDICAL USE Administration Morphine may be given Parenterally as subcutaneous, intravenous, or epidural injections. The military sometimes issues morphine loaded in an Autoinjector . Orally, it comes as an Elixir , concentrated Solution , Powder (for compounding) or in tablet form. Morphine is rarely supplied in suppository form. Due to its poor oral Bioavailability , oral morphine is only one-sixth to one-third of the potency of parenteral morphine. Morphine is available in extended-release capsules for chronic administration, as well as immediate-release formulations. Uses Morphine is used legally:
Contraindications
PHARMACOLOGY Morphine is an Opioid Receptor Agonist – its main effect is binding to and activating the µ-opioid receptors in the Central Nervous System . Activation of these receptors is associated with Analgesia , sedation, euphoria, physical Dependence and Respiratory Depression . Morphine is also a κ-opioid receptor agonist, with this action associated with spinal analgesia and Miosis . LEGAL CLASSIFICATION
HISTORY Morphine was first isolated in 1803 by the German pharmacist Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertürner , who named it "morphium" after Morpheus , the Greek God of dreams. But it was not until the development of the Hypodermic Needle ( 1853 ) that its use spread. It was used for pain relief, and as a "cure" for opium and alcohol addiction. Its extensive use during the American Civil War resulted in over 400,000 sufferers from the "soldier's disease" (addiction), though some believe this to be erroneous {Link without Title} . Heroin (diacetylmorphine) was derived from morphine in 1874 . As with other drugs, its possession without a prescription was criminalized in the US by the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914 . Morphine is routinely carried by Soldiers on Operations in an Autoinjector . EXTERNAL LINKS
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