The
Virus , first identified in
1958 as a
Pathogen of
Cynomolgus Monkey s, is an
Orthopoxvirus with a clinical presentation similar to
Smallpox .
is a rare
Zoonotic viral disease that occurs primarily in remote villages of Central and Western
Africa close to
Tropical Rainforest s where there is frequent contact with infected animals. Monkeypox is usually transmitted to humans from
Rodent s, pets and
Primate s through contact with the animal's
Blood or through a bite.
Monkeypox was first associated with human illness in
Zaire and
West Africa during
1970 -
1971 . A second outbreak of human illness was identified in Zaire in
1996 -
1997 . As of
2003 , a small outbreak of human monkeypox in the
United States appears to be in progress.
In humans, monkeypox is similar to
Smallpox , although it is often milder. Unlike smallpox, monkeypox causes
Lymph Node s to swell (lymphadenopathy). The incubation period for monkeypox is (range 7 to 17 days). The illness begins with
Fever , headache, muscle aches, backache, swollen lymph nodes, a general feeling of discomfort, and exhaustion. Within 1 to 3 days (sometimes longer) after the appearance of fever, the patient develops a papular
Rash (i.e., raised bumps), often first on the face but sometimes initially on other parts of the body. The lesions usually develop through several stages before crusting and falling off.
Vaccination against smallpox, which is no longer routinely administered, also gives protection against the monkeypox virus. Limited person-to-person spread of infection has been reported in disease-endemic areas in Africa. Case-fatality ratios in Africa have ranged from 1% to 10% (for additional information about monkeypox, see
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Currently, there is no proven, safe treatment for monkeypox. Smallpox vaccine has been reported to reduce the risk of monkeypox among previously vaccinated persons in Africa. The
United States Centers For Disease Control And Prevention (CDC) recommends that persons investigating monkeypox outbreaks and involved in caring for infected individuals or animals should receive a smallpox vaccination to protect against monkeypox. Persons who have had close or intimate contact with individuals or animals confirmed to have monkeypox should also be vaccinated. These persons can be vaccinated up to 14 days after exposure. CDC does not recommend preexposure vaccination for unexposed
Veterinarian s, veterinary staff, or animal control officers, unless such persons are involved in field investigations.
As of June 7, 2003, cases of suspected monkeypox in the
United States had been reported among residents of
Wisconsin (18), northern
Illinois (10), and northwestern
Indiana (1). The disease stemmed from a giant
Gambian Pouch Rat imported by a pet shop in
Texas and is believed to have infected domesticated
Prairie Dog s, which were then distributed by other outlets in the
Midwest . Electron microscopy and serologic studies were used to confirm that the disease was human monkeypox.
By June 9, CDC officials said the number of suspected or confirmed cases was 22 in
Wisconsin , 10 in
Indiana , and five in
Illinois .
As of June 11, a total of 54 persons with suspected monkeypox had been reported in Wisconsin (20), Illinois (10), Indiana (23), and
New Jersey (1). Monkeypox had been confirmed by laboratory tests in nine persons. At least 14 of the people with suspected monkeypox had been hospitalized for their illness; there have been no deaths related to the outbreak. The number of cases and states involved in the outbreak will likely change as the investigation continues. The CDC Web site has updates for this and other current information about the outbreak.
The onset of illness among patients in the United States began in early May 2003. Patients typically experienced a
Prodrome consisting of fever, headaches,
Myalgia s, chills, and drenching sweats. Roughly one-third of patients had nonproductive cough. This prodromal phase was followed 1-10 days later by the development of a papular rash that typically progressed through stages of vesiculation, pustulation, umbilication, and crusting. In some patients, early lesions have become ulcerated. Rash distribution and lesions have occurred on head, trunk, and extremities; many of the patients had initial and satellite lesions on palms and soles and extremities. Rashes were generalized in some patients. After onset of the rash, patients have generally manifested rash lesions in different stages. All patients reported direct or close contact with prairie dogs, most of which were sick. Illness in prairie dogs was frequently reported as beginning with a
Blepharoconjunctivitis , progressing to presence of nodular lesions in some cases. Some prairie dogs have died from the illness, while others reportedly recovered.
Despite reports in June 2003 of possible human-to-human spread of Monkeypox in the U.S.(consistent with the history of the disease in Africa, see external links), there has never been a documented or laboratory-confirmed case of human-to-human spread of the disease.
''Note: much of the original text of this article is taken from public domain CDC (Center for Disease Control) and NIH (National Institute of Health) sources.''
