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A mixed language may be said to evolve from persistent code-switching and indeed language names like " Spanglish " are often given to persistent code-switiching long before it is clear that a genuine mixed language has evolved. Other apparent mixed languages, such as Franglais and Yinglish , are really nothing more than names given to varieties of a language (like French and English respectively) characterized by large numbers of Loanword s from another language (like English and Yiddish respectively). Usually a mixed language appears to be a marker of a new cultural/ethnic group (metis, immigrant or similar).

The best examples of genuine mixed languages are probably:
  • Michif , a mixture of French and Cree , where the nouns and adjectives tend to be French (including agreement), and the Polysynthetic verbs are entirely Cree. There are two simultaneous gender systems, French masculine/feminine as well as Cree animate/inanimate, and the Cree obviative (fourth Person )

  • Mednyj Aleut , a mixture of Russian and Aleut , which retains Aleut verbs but has replaced most of the inflectional endings with their Russian equivalents.

  • Cappadocian Greek , which has mostly Greek root words, but used with many Turkish grammatical endings, Turkish Vowel Harmony , and no gender.

  • vocabulary with a borrowed Bantu inflectional system


Other possible examples include:

In addition to Spanglish and Yinglish mentioned above, there are many varieties of English that are distinguished from "standard" varieties by being in contact with other languages. These may not be genuine mixed languages, but rather cases of persistent code-switching or heavy loanword use. They include:


Similar names are given to "broken" English found in foreign countries, for example:

These are simply Non-native Uses Of English and cannot be considered mixed languages.


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REFERENCES

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  • Mous, Maarten. 2003. ''The making of a mixed language: The case of Ma'a/Mbugu''. Creole language library (No. 26). Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co.

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