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MEDIA EFFECTS See Also: Media effects theory Early research into media audiences was dominated by the debate about 'media effects', in particular the link between screen violence and real-life aggression. Several moral panics fuelled the claims, such as the incorrect presumptions that '' Rambo '' had influenced Michael Robert Ryan in commit the Hungerford Massacre , and that '' Child's Play 3 '' had motivated the killers of James Bulger . In the 1990s, David Gauntlett published critiques on media 'effects', most notably the "Ten things wrong with the media effects model" article. CENTRE FOR CONTEMPORARY CULTURAL STUDIES See Also: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies From the 1970s , researchers from the CCCS produced Empirical research about the relationship between Text s and Audience s. Amongst these was ''The Nationwide Project'' by David Morley and Charlotte Brunsdon. Stuart Hall 's seminal Encoding/Decoding model can be seen as the beginning of research into how audiences are active consumers rather than passive recipients. REFERENCES
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