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Cosmetics or '''makeup''' are substances to enhance the Beauty of the Human Body , apart from simple cleaning. Their use is widespread, especially among Women in Western countries. The Cosmetics Industry is currently dominated by a small number of Multinational Corporations that orginated in the early 20th Century . HISTORY The first archaeological evidence of cosmetics usage is found in Ancient Egypt around 4000 BC . The Ancient Greek s and Romans also used cosmetics. The Romans and Ancient Egyptians used cosmetics containing Mercury and often Lead . "In the , cosmetics had common application in the West (although banned in Nazi Germany ). Other notable events in cosmetics history are detailed in the external link below. In Japan , Geisha s wore lipstick made of crushed Safflower petals to paint the Eyebrows and edges of the eyes as well as the Lip s. Sticks of ''bintsuke'' wax, a softer version of the sumo wrestlers' hair wax, were used by geisha as a makeup base. White paste and powder colour the Face and Back ; rouge contours the Eye socket and defines the Nose . Black paint colours the teeth for the ceremony when ''maiko'' (apprentice geisha) graduate and become independent. As of 27.5%, Nestlé 26.4%, the remaining 46.1% are publically traded. The true market developers were the 1910s American trio Elizabeth Arden , Helena Rubinstein and Max Factor . These firms established the market and were augmented by Revlon just before World War II and Estée Lauder just after. Some companies of the industry have been criticized for their practices in Cosmetic Advertising . PURPOSE Usually, the goal of wearing makeup is to make the wearer more attractive. For most women that involves simulating the appearance of health and youth. Foundation is worn to present the (idealized) appearance of the smooth, unblemished skin of youth. Eyeshadow, eyeliner, and mascara is worn to make the eyes appear larger, and thus more youthful and innocent. Eyeshadow allows the eyes to appear smaller as long as dark shades are applied. Lighter shades allows the eyes to appear bigger. Mascara enhaces the bags and dark circles around the eyes if applied to bottom lashes. Blush is worn to mimic the appearance of young skin flushed after exercise. Lipstick makes lips look larger, hides imperfections, and can make lips look more like the lips of a younger person, with thinner skin. But rich lipsticks can enhance imperfections, such as when wearing red. This can enhance blotchy skin, which is why a flawless finish must be applied, such is the importance of a good foundation. Powder is used to set make up to make it last, loose powder has more coverage and oil absorption than pressed. Pressed is used to touch up during the day, to absorb any excess oil. One sociological theory of makeup (among other things) claims that the role of modern cosmetics is not just to simulate youthfulness and health, but also, to an extent, sexual arousal. Wide eyes, flushed cheeks, and red lips can all be indicators of arousal, although most women would probably call this style of makeup "looking sexy." A critique of cosmetics (by Judy Grahn, among other feminists) contends that makeup mimics on a woman's face the effects of a beating. Blackened eyes, bruised cheeks, and bloody lips are another way of viewing "looking sexy." Another critique of (the daily use of) cosmetics is that though it may make the user more attractive, it also leaves the impression of insecurity, making it seem as though the user doesn't think she is "beautiful" unless she applies cosmetics constantly. More general than enhancing beauty, the change of Physical Appearance is achieved by specialized forms of cosmetics ( Stage Makeup ), used to present Actor s in roles in the Theatre and in screen productions. A wide variety of effects are possible and may go so far as to make the actor appear completely nonhuman through the use of Prosthetic appliances. Makeup for stage and TV is usually used even for natural roles, for example news reporters, to counter the paling effect of professional lighting. Makeup is also used to train medical professionals to recognize and treat injuries ( Moulage ) and clinically to hide scars and blemishes that might otherwise impair social interaction. TYPES OF COSMETICS .]] The various forms of makeup include: - Lipstick and Lip Gloss and lip pencil used to colour the Lip s. - foundation and powder, used to colour the Face , also for lightening and concealing flaws to produce an impression of health and youth and prevents skin from appearing too shiny. - rouge (blush or blusher), used to colour the cheeks and emphasize the cheekbones. - Mascara used to enhance the Eyelash es. - eyeliner and eyeshadow, used to colour and emphasize the Eye lids (larger eyes compared to face is a sign of youth). - Nail Polish used to colour the Finger nails and Toe nails. - Concealer is a type of thick opaque makeup used to cover pimples, various spots and inconsistencies in the skin. Also included in the general category of cosmetics are skin care products. These include creams and lotions to moisturize the face and body, sunscreens and sunblock to protect the skin from damaging UV radiation, and treatment products to repair or hide skin imperfections ( Acne , wrinkles, dark circles under eyes, etc.). Cosmetics can also be described by the form of the product, as well as the area for application. Cosmetics can be liquid or cream emulsions; powders, both pressed and loose; dispersions; and anhydrous creams or sticks. Chemical and surgical procedures can also be used for cosmetic effect. Many techniques, such as microdermabrasion and chemical or physical peels, remove the oldest, top layers of skin cells. The younger layers of skin left behind often appear more plump, youthful, and soft. Permanent application of pigments (tattooing) is also used cosmetically. INGREDIENTS The Romans and ancient Egyptians used cosmetics containing Mercury . The ingredients of modern cosmetics may also surprise those who use them: Lipstick , for example, can contain the shimmery substance of fish scales called "pearl essence". Pearl essence is obtained primarily from Herring and is one of many by-products of large-scale commercial fish processing. This is rarely used due to the high cost and extreme fragility of this type of colorant. The primary source of the pearlescent shine used in lipsticks, eyeshadows, and blush is Mica , a natural, mined mineral. The mica, which is translucent, is coated with a very thin layer of Titanium Dioxide . This coating causes color to appear through interference effects with the mica; varying the thickness of the titanium dioxide changes the color. {Link without Title} The red color of lipstick can come from Iron Oxide (rust) or from organic Pigments . Typically, the pigment is crushed very finely while being mixed with Castor Oil . This pigment mixture is then mixed with a wax base to form a finished lipstick. The red color of some eyeshadows is from the dye Carmine , made from the crushed bodies of the Cochineal insect. This is extremely expensive and is used as rarely as possible. Pure carmine dye is usually more expensive than gold. Cosmetic colorants are highly regulated. In the US, the regulating body is the Food And Drug Administration . Each country or group of countries has their own regulatory agency that controls what can go into cosmetics. Many colorants in cosmetics are also used as Food Dye s. Pearlescence of solid and liquid mixtures (eg. lipsticks, Shampoo s and Liquid Soap s) is achieved by adding a suspension of tiny flakes of a suitable material, often a Wax , eg. Glycol Distearate . SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS
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