is a medical condition, also known as '''saturnism,''' '''plumbism''' or '''painter's colic''', caused by increased blood
Serum lead levels.
Lead poisoning is sometimes used in
Slang to describe a
Homicide Committed With Firearms .
Lead was first mined in
Turkey about 6500 BC. A 6000- to 8000-year-old necklace was found in the ancient city site of
Anatolia . Lead's easy workability, low melting point and corrosion resistance were among its attractions.
Lead toxicity was first recognized as early as 2000 BC.
Nikander Of Colophon wrote of lead-induced
Anemia and
Colic in 250 BC.
Gout , prevalent in affluent
Rome , is thought to be the result of lead, or leaded, eating and drinking vessels. Lead was also used in makeup.
Julius Caesar's engineer, Vitruvius, who also served his successor Caesar Augustus, reported, "Water is much more wholesome from earthenware pipes than from lead pipes. For it seems to be made injurious by lead, because white lead paint is produced from it; and this is said to be harmful to the human body." (Chapter 6, paragraphs 10 and 11, of Book VIII by Vitruvius
{Link without Title} )
In 17th-century
Germany , an
Ulm physician noticed that monks who did not drink wine were healthy, while wine drinkers developed colic. The culprit was a white oxide of lead,
Litharge , added to sweeten the wine.
Today, most exposure in developed countries is the result of occupational hazards, leaded
Paint , and
Leaded Gasoline (phased out in the US in the 1980s).
The symptoms of lead poisoning include neurological problems, such as reduced
IQ ,
Nausea ,
Abdominal Pain ,
Irritability ,
Insomnia , excess
Lethargy or
Hyperactivity ,
Headache and, in extreme cases,
Seizure and
Coma . There are also associated gastrointestinal problems, such as
Constipation ,
Diarrhea ,
Abdominal Pain ,
Vomiting ,
Poor Appetite ,
Weight Loss . Other associated affects are
Anemia , kidney problems, and reproductive problems.
In humans, lead toxicity often causes the formation of a bluish line along the
Gums , which is known as the "Burtons's line". A direct link between early lead exposure and extreme
Learning Disability has been confirmed by multiple researchers and child
Advocacy groups.
Lead has no known biological role in the body. The toxicity comes from its ability to mimic other biologically important
Metal s, the most notable of which are
Calcium ,
Iron and
Zinc . Lead is able to bind to and interact with the same
Protein s and
Molecule s as these metals, but after displacement, those molecules function differently and fail to carry out the same reactions, such as in producing
Enzyme s necessary for certain biological processes.
Most lead poisoning symptoms are thought to occur by interfering with an essential
Enzyme Delta-aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase , or ALAD. ALAD is a zinc-binding protein which is important in the biosynthesis of
Heme , the cofactor found in
Hemoglobin . Genetic mutations of ALAD cause the disease
Porphyria , a disease which was highlighted in the movie ''
The Madness Of King George ''. Lead poisoning is sometimes mistaken for porphyria but the distinction is that lead poisoning usually causes anemia while true porphyria does not.
There is also an article on Lead Encephalopathy on Emedicine at:
{Link without Title} which states: "Lead also interferes with excitatory neurotransmission by glutamate, which is the transmitter at more than half the synapses in the brain and is critical for learning. The glutamate receptor thought to be associated with neuronal development and plasticity is the N-methyl-D-aspartate (
NMDA ) receptor, which is blocked selectively by lead. This disrupts long-term potentiation, which compromises the permanent retention of newly learned information."
The January, 2004, edition of Scientific American magazine contained an article on Schizophrenia that said the latest research "... implies that their brain circuits reliant on NMDA receptors are out of kilter. If reduced NMDA receptor activity prompts schizophrenia's symptoms, what then causes this reduction? The answer still remains unclear."
However, a Johns Hopkins report by Tomas Guilarte
{Link without Title} stated "It has been known for some time that lead is a potent inhibitor of the NMDA receptor, a protein known to play an important role in brain development and cognition. In this study we demonstrate that lead exposure decreased the amount of NMDA receptor gene and protein in a part of the brain called the hippocampus."
Ezra Susser and his colleagues at Columbia University in New York followed 12,000 children born in Oakland, California, between 1959 and 1966, whose mothers had given samples of blood serum while they were pregnant, which were frozen and stored for later analysis. They found that children who had been exposed to high levels of lead in the womb were more than twice as likely to go on to develop schizophrenia. Their research was presented at the 2004 annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Seattle, Washington.
Outside of occupational hazards, the majority of lead poisoning occurs in children under age twelve. The main sources of poisoning are from ingestion of lead contaminated
Soil (this is less of a problem in countries that no longer have
Leaded Gasoline ) and from ingestion of lead dust or chips from deteriorating lead-based
Paint s. This is particularly a problem in older houses where the sweet-tasting lead paint is likely to chip, but deteriorating lead-based paint can also powder and be inhaled. Small children also tend to teeth and suck on painted windowsills as they look outside. In most American states, landlords and those selling such houses are required to inform the potential residents of the danger.
Lead has also been found in drinking water. It can come from plumbing and fixtures that are either made of lead or have trace amounts of lead in them.
{Link without Title}
Lead can also be found in some imported cosmetics such as Kohl, from the Middle East, India, Pakistan, and some parts of Africa, and Surma from India. There are also risks of elevated blood lead levels caused by folk remedies like Azarcon which contains 95 percent lead and is used to "cure" empacho. For more information about less common causes of elevated blood lead levels
{Link without Title}
One measure of lead in the body is the
Blood Lead Level (BLL), measured in micrograms of lead per deciliter of
Blood (μg/dL). Nearly everyone has a measurable BLL.
The Centers For Disease Control And Prevention (CDC) states that a BLL of 10 μg/dL or above is a cause for concern. However, lead can impair development even at BLLs below 10 μg/dL. However, BLL measures current exposure to lead, but lead may also be incorporated into bone from prior exposures that will not show in BLLs until this bone-lead becomes "mobilized" through pregnancy or fracture healing. A fetus can be poisoned in utero if their mother had high bone-lead from childhood exposure that is mobilized by the fetal need for calcium. K-fluorescent X-ray metering can measure bone-lead.
The average person has less than 10
Microgram s per
Deciliter , or 100
Parts Per Billion , ppb, of lead in their blood serum. People who have been exposed to an unusual amount of lead will have lead serum levels higher than 200 ppb—most clinical symptoms of lead poisoning begin at around 100 ppb. The effect on children's IQ has been noted at very low levels
{Link without Title} .
Although the most important part of treating lead poisoning is decreasing exposure to lead, there are some forms of
Chelation Therapy that can be used to reduce existing BLL levels:
Additionally,
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), is also thought to act as a ''weak'' chelating agent (Llobet et al, 1990), and high serum levels of vitamin C have been associated with a decreased prevalence of elevated blood lead levels (Simon and Hudes, 1999).
There are also for lead poisoning. In his reference book, "Homeopathic Remedies," Asa Herschoff, MD claims that ''Alumina'' helps antidote and eliminate lead from the body, where specific symptoms include mental confusion, memory loss, dullness, lethargy and loss of identity, as well as high blood pressure and kidney disease. ''Causticum'' is also a general antidote, particularly for nerve paralysis and urinary weakness. The remedy should be taken at a 6, 12, or 30c dosage, daily for 1-2 weeks. Though
Homeopathy is not universally acknowledged as an effective mode of healing in the United States, persons seeking information on flushing lead out of the body should be aware of this option.
- Much of Rome's affluent class suffered from lead-induced Gout
- The Devon Colic was caused by the presence of lead in Cider in 18th century Devon .
- Many historians have believed that Ludwig Van Beethoven suffered from lead poisoning. This belief has been confirmed in 2005 by tests done at Argonne National Laboratory in the US on skull bone fragments, confirming earlier tests on hair samples.
- Francisco Goya {Link without Title} was considered skilled but unremarkable until he contracted lead poisoning in his late forties and painted a series of disturbing paintings called "the Caprices."
- George Frideric Handel {Link without Title} is believed to have acquired saturnine gout through port wine.
- Lead Shot for hunting has been banned in many countries because waterfowl often ingest spent shot, which kills some in a matter of weeks.
- Operation of a smelter in Trail, British Columbia contributed to higher than average blood lead levels in children living in Trail compared to nearby communities. A monitoring program, funded by the smelter and two level of government was established.
- In 1845 , a crew of 128 searching for the Northwest Passage , under the leadership of John Franklin , are thought to have died from lead poisoning among other things. The canned food on board was sealed in tin cans with lead solder. The lead is thought to have leaked into the food and driven the men mad.
- Shooting deaths are sometimes morbidly referred to as the euphemism "lead poisoning," especially in parodies of the Italian Mafia .
