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A jet airliner is any Airliner powered by jet engines. Most long-distance air travel is operated with jet aircraft, although the fleets of many airlines include a number of smaller Turboprop types, typically used for shorter flights to provincial towns, island communities, or airports where topography or adjoining development limits the runway length. Early models were powered by Turbojet engines, but all current models use more fuel-efficient Turbofan s. The first jet airliner was the problems), British and European airlines could not ignore the excellent operating economics of the Boeing 707 and the DC-8, and some American airlines ordered the Caravelle. Boeing became the most successful of the early manufacturers, partly due to the 707's origin as a well-funded military project. The KC-135 Stratotanker and versions of the 707 remain operational — mostly as Tanker s or Freighter s. The basic configuration of the Boeing, Convair and Douglas aircraft, with widely spaced podded engines underslung on pylons beneath a swept wing, proved to be the most common arrangement by 1980 and was most easily compatible with the large-diameter high-bypass turbofan engines that subsequently prevailed for reasons of quietness and fuel efficiency. The De Havilland and Tupolev designs had engines incorporated within the wings next to the Fuselage , a concept that endured only within military designs while the graceful Caravelle pioneered engines mounted either side of the rear fuselage. In the 1960s, when jet airliners were powered by slim, low-bypass engines, many aircraft used the rear-engined configuration, such as the Boeing 727 , Douglas DC-9 , BAC One-Eleven , Hawker Siddeley Trident , Ilyushin Il-62 and Vickers VC-10 . This engine arrangement survives into the 21st Century on numerous Douglas DC-9 derivatives plus newer short-range jetliners built by Bombardier , Embraer and, until recently, Fokker . For Business Jet s the rear-engined configuration is universal as on small aircraft the wing is too close to the ground to accommodate underslung engines. SEE ALSO |
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