Information About

Jackknifing




Jackknifing is actually not very common and usually only happens to an empty vehicle. Most truck drivers are skilful enough to correct a skid before it becomes a jackknife. It would be an exaggeration to claim that jackknifing accounts for 5% of Tractor-semitrailer accidents since in many cases it's the collision that would have caused the vehicle to jackknife and not vice versa. Radio stations often report jackknifed trucks because people phone to tell them, but more often than not, the truck hasn't technically jackknifed. It's just stuck in the snow or crashed etc..


HOW TO AVOID JACKKNIFING


The way to avoid jackknifing is the same as to avoid a skid.
# Keep your distance, especially on a slippery road surface.
# Spread your braking over the longest possible distance.
# Don't decelerate on a turn (or a bend). Brake in a straight line before the turn (or bend) and slow down a little more than necessary. You can then increase your speed as you make the turn. This procedure is even more important on a downhill turn.
# Braking and swerving at the same time is a major cause of jackknifing. If evasive action has to be taken it would be better (if at all possible) to brake first and not to swerve until the last moment, or better still to release the brakes in order to swerve, then re-apply them.
#If the tractor begins to skid, it should be corrected in exactly the same way as with a rigid vehicle by releasing the brakes and steering into the skid. This must be done before the skid becomes a jackknife.


Caravans


If you drive a car and Caravan it's important, not only to keep your distance, but not to go too fast, especially downhill. You must be aware that if you brake hard the caravan pushing from behind could raise the rear-end of the car off the road and spin it round until it faces the other way. Caravans often overturn after jackknifing lifting the rear of the car completely off the road.


Electromagnetic retarders

An Electromagnetic Retarder such as a "Telma" normally acts on the propeller shaft of a vehicle and can be used to slow a vehicle down or hold it back on a steep descent keeping the brakes fresh for an emergency. Since the retarder only acts on the drive axle, '''misuse could cause jackknifing'''. The retarder should only be applied with caution when driving an empty articulated vehicle on a slippery surface. The lever in the cab has several degrees of braking. It should be applied gradually, one position at a time and released immediately if the axle locks up. Some of the latest retarders are however designed to release and re-apply automatically in a similar way to Anti-lock Brakes . (Some retarders can also be set to hold a vehicle back at a speed pre-set by the driver. This is done by moving the lever into the first position at the required speed.)

Some trailers are fitted with an electromagnetic retarder. If this is applied by itself the vehicle can be slowed down without fear of jackknifing but it could cause trailer swing.


TRAILER SWING

When a trailer skids to one side, this is known as a trailer swing or '''trailer slew'''. This could happen on a slippery road surface, often where there is a camber. '''This is not the same as jackknifing''' and is not serious since the trailer moves back into line as the vehicle continues forwards. The driver must be aware however, that the trailer could slide up against parked cars or the wheels could slide into a ditch.


ANTI JACKKNIFIE DEVICES

Over the years systems to combat jackknifing have been developed.
  • One system with limited success was a device that limited the angle which a trailer could swing.

  • A much more successful system was to fit the tractor with Anti-lock Brakes . Fitted originally to planes in the 1950's, anti-lock brakes have not noticably reduced the number of car accidents but have significantly reduced the number of heavy vehicle accidents.

  • The most important device that has prevented jackknifing over the years is the Load-sensing Brake-pressure Regulator . This is a simple device which reduces the brake pressure to the rear wheels of an empty vehicle so that it doesn't spin round and face the other way when the brakes are applied. Since this device is fitted to almost every vehicle it's taken for granted, but without it cars would frequently spin off the road and empty articulated vehiles would be almost impossible to stop in a straight line.

  • Prime Mover s used to be fitted with a lever in the cab to operate the trailer brakes. The vehicle could be slowed down or stopped using the trailer brakes only. Theoretically this was a sure way to prevent jackknifing, but truck drivers will have noticed the recent disappearance of this lever from their cabs. The reason being that this lever was often the cause of jackknifing in a round about way. Frequent use of the trailer brakes alone caused them to overheat and Fade while the tractor brakes remained fresh. In the event of an Emergency Stop , the driver would go straight for the foot brake and the truck would surely jackknife because the tractor brakes would lock while the trailer brakes would be ineffective.

  • An alternative to having a trailer brake lever in the cab is to fit the trailer with an Electromagnetic Brake .