''Mathematics'': Isotropy is also a concept in Mathematics . Some Manifold s are isotropic, meaning that the Geometry on the manifold is the same regardless of direction. A similar concept is Homogeneity . A manifold can be homogeneous without being isotropic.
''Radio broadcasting'': In Radio , an Isotropic Antenna is an idealized " Radiating Element " used as a Reference ; an Antenna that broadcasts power equally (calculated by the Poynting Vector ) in all directions. In practice, an isotropic antenna cannot exist, as equal radiation in all directions would be a violation of the Helmholtz Wave Equation . The gain of an arbitrary antenna is usually reported in Decibel s relative to an isotropic antenna, and is expressed as dBi or dB(i).
''Physiology'': In skeletal muscle cells (a.k.a. Muscle Fibers ), the term "isotropic" refers to the light bands ( I Bands ) that contribute to the striated pattern of the cells.
''Materials'': In the study of Mechanical properties of materials, "isotropic" means having identical values of a property in all Crystallographic directions.
''Optics'': Optical Isotropy means having the same optical properties in all directions.
