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In the east, the Golden Horde began its conquest of the present day Russia and Ukraine in 12 century and the Ottoman Empire conquest of European part of Byzantium in 14 century to complete it in 1453 , establishing the Islamic religion there. Today, the only Muslim states in Europe are Albania , Bosnia-Herzegovina and the small part of Turkey within Europe. Muslims are also majority in Kosovo . Some other eastern European countries have substantial Muslim minorities (notably Russia , Bulgaria and Macedonia ) with roots dating back several hundreds years ago, while many western European countries have significant and growing recent Muslim immigrant population (especially Germany , France , United Kingdom , Austria , Switzerland , Belgium , Netherlands and Sweden ). Islam in East Europe is in recent years, after fall of Communism witnessing revival. In some cases, relations between Europeans and Muslims are tense today, causing growing Racism and Xenophobia . During the half-century before World War II , religious persecution in Europe was chiefly Anti-Semitic . After the Holocaust and exodus of the Jews from Europe, some believe that these attitudes were replaced by Islamophobic tendencies. However, this analysis is disputed. Some Muslim thinkers discuss whether Islam should develop specific form in Western Europe in order to fit better into European society and culture or should it rather retain its original character linked to the countries of origin of Muslim immigrants. The most prominent proponent of integration (although not unconditional) option is Tariq Ramadan author of ''To be European Muslim''. The question of integration of Muslim minority is also intensively discussed by non-Muslim thinkers. SEE ALSO
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