- The prevalence of anti-Semitism amongst Muslim s - and whether it is more or less common than amongst people of other religions.
- The positions of the various branches of Islam on anti-Semitism and Jews.
- Accusations of anti-Semitism made against Islam, and their consequences.
The Qur'an refers to Jew s and Christian s (and the adherents of some other religions) as " People Of The Book ". Throughout Early Christianity and the Middle Ages Christians interpreted the Gospels as showing that Jews conspired with the Romans to kill Jesus . Fundamentally this goes to the crux of the matter to the stressed relations between Christians and Jews. The Qur'an also follows on from this that the Jews betrayed the teaching of their prophet Moses and that if they were to uphold the teaching of Moses that they would be a saved nation. Islam speaks of how the Jews conspired against Jesus and how God intervened to save him. Muhammad had both mutually beneficial relations with the Jews of Arabia and hostile ones during his conflicts with the Banu Qurayza and other Jewish tribes; Muslims maintain that the Jews violated treaties with Muhammad, while critics claim that he unjustifiably committed Ethnic Cleansing . The Qur'an also condemns those Jews who it says committed grave sins and turned away from the message revealed to them.
The Qur'an states that " Abraham was not a Jew, nor yet a Christian; but he was an upright man who had surrendered (to Allah ), and he was not of the idolaters." (III - The house of Imran 67). This verse asserts that the biblical patriarch Abraham was not a Jew, but that he was a "Muslim" in the word's etymological sense of "one who has surrendered (to God)". Many Jews consider this to be anti-Semitic, arguing that it creates a historical anachronism that usurps the founding patriarch of Judaism, for the purpose of promoting a different religion. Muslims argue that calling him a Jew is itself anachronistic; if Abraham was an ethnic Jew, then the Arab s, as his traditional descendants through Ishmael , would equally have to be called Jews, and Judaism as we know it did not take shape until many centuries later. (Such arguments ignore Jewish rules relating to status and matrilineal descent.) Many sceptics would argue that even if Abraham existed at the time, Monotheism did not.
Islam mandates a limited level of Tolerance for both Jews and Christians, as long as they did not challenge the superior status of Islam. Early verses in the Qur'an limit religious disputations with them to those occurring in a fair manner.
:"And dispute ye not with the People Of The Book , except with means better (than mere disputation), unless it be with those of them who inflict wrong (and injury): but say, 'We believe in the revelation which has come down to us and in that which came down to you; Our Allah and your Allah is one; and it is to Him we bow (in Islam).'" (XXIX: The Spider: 46)
After Muhammad's efforts to convert the Jews of Yathrib failed , the ayah "Those who reject (Truth), among the People Of The Book and among the Polytheists , will be in Hell-Fire, to dwell therein (for aye). They are the worst of creatures. Those who have faith and do righteous deeds,- they are the best of creatures" (XCVIII: The Proof: 6-7) was revealed, and became part of the Qur'an.
See Also: Dhimmi
When Muslim armies conquered nations, law they were given the status of '' Dhimmi '', which gave them certain rights, deprived them of others, and placed restrictions on religious practice. As dhimmis, Jews were provided with limited autonomy, and allowed to practice their religion subject to restrictions that impeded the ability of dhimmis to congregate, express religious sentiment, convert Muslims or construct houses of worship. Dhimmi had to pay the '' Jizya '' poll tax, but were exempted from the '' Zakat '' (alms) tax, a different tax required of Muslims, for Muslims. In fact, however, the ''jizya'' tax was higher than the ''zakat'', and conquered peoples who refused to both pay it and convert to Islam could in certain periods be subject to the Death Penalty . The exact treatment of dhimmi varied greatly from place to place, although they were generally regarded as second-class citizens and treated accordingly. [http://www.jewishmag.com/57mag/dhimmi/dhimmi.htm
The Constitution Of Medina , one of the earliest documents of the Muslim community in Medina, which was transmitted by Ibn Hisham states: "The Jews of Banu Awf are repeated for the different Jewish communities are a community along with the believers. To the Jews their religion and to the Muslim their religion." For Jewish tribes which had treaties with the Muslim umma, the constitution of Medina states: "A Jew who follows us has a right to the same help and support as the believers, so long they are not wronged by him and he does not help others against them." Many critics, however, question the accuracy of Muslim accounts on the constitution and treaties because of the wording's obvious bias towards and favoring of the Muslims. [http://www.faithfreedom.org/Articles/sina/jews.htm]
According to progressive Muslims, certain verses in the Qur'an mandate that Muslims be friendly with Jews and Christians. Muslims do consider Judaism as one of the divine faiths, though they believe that Judaism as it actually is, has been corrupted and that the authentic message of God is preserved in the Qur'an; a great number of the Prophets Of Islam are claimed to be of the tribe of the Children of Israel ( Bani-Israel ):
"We gave him and Elisha and Jonah (Yunus) and Lut . And to all we gave favour above the nations."
Many other prophets are considered to be the descendants of the tribe. "Bani-Israel" itself means the children of Israel and more or less concerns those of Jewish faith. Those who the Bani-Israel tribe consisted of were regarded as "the preferred ones", as mentioned in the Qur'an:
"O Children of Israel! Call to mind My favour which I bestowed on you and that I preferred you to all others (for my Message)"
However, according to Qur'anic verses, the particular tribe showed constant ungratefulness towards God and did not obey the command of their great prophets.
"Indignity is put over them wherever they may be, except when under a covenant (of protection) from God, and from men; they have drawn on themselves the Wrath of God, and destruction is put over them. This is because they disbelieved in the Ayats (evidences) of Allah and killed the Prophets without right. This is because they disobeyed (God) and used to transgress beyond bounds (in God's disobedience, crimes and sins)"
, is among those who believe that the authentic teachings of Muhammad as expressed in the Qur'an and the Hadith , were misinterpreted by those who attempt to transform Islam from a religion into a Secular ized Ideology . Palazzi insists that "The Qur'an Says that Allah Gave the Land of Israel to the Jews and Will Restore Them to It at the End of Days" {Link without Title} and cites the Qur'an to support this view:
" Pharaoh sought to scare them Israelites out of the land Israel : but We drowned him [Pharaoh together with all who were with him. Then We said to the Israelites: 'Dwell in this land [the Land of Israel . When the promise of the hereafter of Days comes to be fulfilled, We [Allah] shall assemble you Israelites all together the Land of Israel ."
"And {Link without Title} when Moses said to his people: 'O my people, call in remembrance the favour of God unto you, when he produced prophets among you, made you kings, and gave to you what He had not given to any other among the peoples. O my people, enter the Holy Land which God has assigned unto you, and turn not back ignominiously, for then will ye be overthrown, to your own ruin.'"
Around 1000 CE the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim in Egypt ordered the killing of many Jew s. Soon after its foundation by Yusuf Ibn Tashfin , the Almoravid dynasty attempted to expel all Jews from Morocco in 1107; this effort soon petered out, and in fact one of their own military leaders was Jewish. However, its successor and overthrower the Almohad dynasty, founded by Ibn Tumart , was notoriously intolerant of all other religions, and indeed all other sects of Islam. In 1148, they offered Christians and Jews the choice of conversion or expulsion; in 1165, one of their rulers ordered that all Jews in the country convert on pain of death (forcing the Jewish Theologian , Philosopher , and Physician Maimonides to flee the country.) This policy was reversed by the succeeding Marinid dynasty in 1212. Subsequently, Maimonides described his assessment of the treatment of the Jews at the hands of Muslims:…on account of our sins God has cast us into the midst of this people, the nation of Ishmael is, Muslims , who persecute us severely, and who devise ways to harm us and to debase us…. No nation has ever done more harm to Israel. None has matched it in debasing and humiliating us. None has been able to reduce us as they have…. We have borne their imposed degradation, their lies, their absurdities, which are beyond human power to bear…. We have done as our sages of blessed memory have instructed us, bearing the lies and absurdities of Ishmael…. In spite of all this, we are not spared from the ferocity of their wickedness and their outbursts at any time. On the contrary, the more we suffer and choose to conciliate them, the more they choose to act belligerently toward us. Maimonides, ‘’Epistle to the Jews of Yemen”, translated in Stillman (1979), pp. 241–242
Throughout the ages, a common Muslim oath has been: “ what I say is not true , may I become a Jew.” Lewis (1984), p. 41
The Qur'an says:
Ask them concerning the town standing close by the sea. Behold! they transgressed in the matter of the Sabbath. For on the day of their Sabbath their fish did come to them, openly holding up their heads, but on the day they had no Sabbath, they came not: thus did We make a trial of them, for they were given to transgression.
When some of them said: "Why do ye preach to a people whom Allah will destroy or visit with a terrible punishment?"- said the preachers: "To discharge our duty to your Lord, and perchance they may fear Him."
When they disregarded the warnings that had been given them, We rescued those who forbade Evil; but We visited the wrong-doers with a grievous punishment because they were given to transgression.
When in their insolence they transgressed (all) prohibitions, We said to them: "Be ye apes, despised and rejected. " ( Al-A'raf :163-166)
This verse (interpreted to mean that the Sabbath transgressors were turned into apes) is sometimes used by hostile groups to mock the Jews, on the grounds that these must have been Jews, since the Sabbath is a commandment which (according to Islam) God demanded of Jews but not of his other followers. {Link without Title} {Link without Title} {Link without Title} {Link without Title} {Link without Title} Thus Hamas says:
:"Allah did not mete out the punishment of transformation on any nation except the Jews. The significance of it is actual change in the appearance of the Jew and perfect transformation from human to bestial condition... from human appearance to the form of genuine apes, pigs, mice, and lizards..." (Source: The Hamas monthly publication ''Falastin Al-Muslima'' (London), September 1996, series of articles by Ibrahim Al-'Ali, pp. 54-55.)
Similarly, the following quotes are excerpted from a sermon broadcast on Palestinian TV by Dr. Mustafa Najem, Dec. 6, 2002:
:"The Jews...are the brothers of monkeys and pigs...Allah has warned us against their evil and their arrogance, and has said: 'You will find that the most brazen among mankind, with hatred towards the believers, are the Jews and the Idolaters.' 81,5 ...The Jews are Jews, and we are forbidden to forget their character traits even for a moment, even for a blink of an eye. O Servants of Allah! The Jews are those who tried to murder your Prophet in order to expunge the call (to Islam)....Prayer and blessing to the Imam of the Jihad fighters, Mohammed, who waged a Jihad against the Jews...The Jews...are Idolaters, heretics, whose faith is false."
In the Muslim Aghlabid dynasty (9th through 11th century, North Africa ) Jews were forced to wear a patch that had an image of a monkey, and were also forced to affix the same image to their homes. For Christians, the image was that of a pig. "Kird", '' Encyclopedia Of Islam Online (2006)
Anti-semitic statements are particularly common amongst Muslim clerics in the Middle East ; this may be reasonably ascribed to the fact that the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict has created much anger and polarized religious views in the region.
The following sermon was delivered at the Sheik 'Ijlin Mosque in Gaza , Palestinian Authority . The speaker was Sheik Ibrahim Madhi, and it was broadcast on Palestinian Authority television. August 3, 2001
:"We must all seek a role in the Jihad and the battle. We said and we still say: 'Even if we, the entire (Palestinian) people, stood in line and signed for the Jews that we want peace, they would not accept it. The Qur'an is very clear on this: The greatest enemies of the Islamic nation are the Jews, may Allah fight them...'
:"All spears should be directed at the Jews, at the enemies of Allah, the nation that was cursed in Allah's book. Allah has described them as apes and pigs, the calf-worshipers, idol-worshipers.
:"Whoever can fight them with his weapons, should go out the battle ; whoever can fight them with a machinegun, should go out; whoever can fight them with a sword or a knife, should go out; whoever can fight them with his hands, should go out; This is our destiny. The people who are the most hostile toward the believers are the Jews and the Polytheists... The Jews have exposed their fangs. Nothing will deter them, except the color of their filthy people's blood; nothing will deter them except for us voluntarily detonating ourselves in their midst. They have nuclear power, but we have the power of the belief in Allah..."
:"The Prophet said: 'The Jews will fight you, and [Allah will establish you as rulers over them...' We blow them up in Hadera , we blow them up in Tel Aviv and in Netanya , and in this way, Allah establishes us as rulers over these gangs of vagabonds.
:"Blessings for whoever assaulted a soldier... Blessings for whoever has raised his sons on the education of Jihad and Martyrdom; blessings for whoever has saved a bullet in order to stick it in a Jew's head."
The following sermon was also delivered at the Sheik 'Ijlin Mosque in Gaza, Palestinian Authority, The speaker was Sheik Ibrahim Madhi. June 8, 2001. In the name of Islam the speaker calls for suicide bombers to destroy not only all Jews, but also the United States and Britain .
:"Allah is almighty. Had He wanted - He would have beaten them. But He tests you in suffering. We must prepare the ground for the army of Allah that is coming according to the predetermination. We must prepare a foothold for them. Allah willing, this unjust state will be erased - Israel will be erased; this unjust state, the United States, will be erased; this unjust state, Britain, will be erased - they who caused this people's Nakbah [the 1948 'catastrophe' ..."
:"Blessings to whoever waged Jihad for the sake of Allah; blessings to whoever raided for the sake of Allah; blessings to whoever put a belt of explosives on his body or on his sons' and plunged into the midst of the Jews, crying "Allahu Akbar, praise to Allah, There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His messenger....Just as the building collapsed over the Jews in their sinful dancing floor to the collapse of a wedding hall in Jerusalem - I pray to Allah that this oppressive Knesset will collapse over the heads of the Jews."
The following sermon was delivered at the Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan Mosque in Gaza . The speaker was Dr. Ahmad Abu Halabiya , an appointed member of the Palestinian Authority '' Fatwa Council'', and is former acting Rector of the Islamic University In Gaza .
:"Have no mercy on the Jew s, no matter where they are, fight them, wherever you are. Wherever you meet them, kill them. Wherever you are, kill the Jews, the Americans , who are like them, and those who stand by them. They are all in one trench against the Arabs and the Moslems. ... It is forbidden to befriend Israelis or to aid them. Don't love them or enter into agreement with them, don't help them or sign accords with them. Anyone who does this is one of them. This is the word of Allah, blessed be He. They, they are the terrorists. They should be slaughtered. They should be murdered. Such is the word of Allah ."
Many Islamic extremist groups seeking to eliminate the state of Israel, which they regard as occupied Muslim land, have openly expressed anti-Semitic views. This is especially true of the Al Qaeda terrorist group and the Palestinian Hamas (which references '' The Protocols Of The Elders Of Zion '' in its Covenant). {Link without Title}
There are a number of Projects Working For Peace Among Israelis And Arabs ; many of these include Jewish-Islamic theological dialogue. One of their goals is to reduce anti-Semitism.
Muslim organizations like the US based Muslim Wake Up! (MWU) have explicitly denounced anti-semitism.
- 1
- 2
- ''Islamic Anti-Semitism as a Political Instrument'', Yossef Bodansky, Freeman Center For Strategic Studies, 1999
- Viré, F. "Kird", '' Encyclopaedia Of Islam '' Online, eds. P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912. Retrieved May 2 , 2006
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