| Ibn Haukal |
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ibn-Hauqal, Mohammed Abul Kassem (943-969 CE) was a 10th Century Arabia n geographer born in Baghdad . Little is known of his life. He was a traveler who spent much of his time writing about the areas and things he had seen. He spent the last 30 years of his life traveling to remote parts of Asia and Africa . One of his travels brought him 20º south of the equator along the African coast. One of the things he noticed was that there were large numbers of people living in areas that the Greek s said were uninhabitable. One of his greatest collections of works was a book called ''The Description of the Earth'', which included a detailed description of Muslim -held Spain , Italy , and the "Lands of the Romans," the term used by the Muslim world to describe the Byzantine Empire . His descriptions were accurate and very helpful to travelers. His work on geography, written in 977, is only a revision and extension of the ''Maslik ul-Mamalik'' of al-Is~akhrt, who wrote in 951. This itself was a revised edition of the ''Kjtdb ul-Ashkdi'' or ''Suwar ui-A qaiim'' of Ab Zaid Ul-Balkhi , who wrote about 921. lbn Hauqal's work was published by M. J. de Goeie (Leiden, 1873). An anonymous epitome of the book was written in 1233. REFERENCES
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