Information AboutHybrid |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT HYBRID | |
| hybridisation biology | |
| conservation | |
| population genetics | |
| evolutionary biology | |
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In Biology , hybrid has three meanings. The first meaning is of crosses between two animals of different Taxa . Hybrids between different species within the same genus are sometimes known as interspecific hybrids or crosses. Hybrids between different sub-species within a species are known as intra-specific hybrids. Hybrids between different genera are sometimes known as intergeneric hybrids. The second meaning of "hybrid" is crosses between populations, Breed s or Cultivar s of a single species. This second meaning is often used in plant and animal breeding. The third meaning is in molecular biology, see Hybridization (molecular Biology) . Ernst Mayr wrote of Gregor Mendel : :"He was uncertain about the nature of the kinds of peas he crossed, and, like most plant breeders, he called Heterozygote s "hybrids". When he tried to confirm the laws he had found by using "other hybrids" that were actually real species hybrids, he failed. The use of the same term "hybrid" for two entirely different biological phenomena thwarted his later efforts." (''This is Biology,'' 1997, p58f). Some Dog Hybrids (used in sense two, above), are becoming increasingly popular and are being Bred Selectively . In cats, the erroneous term feral-domestic hybrid is often used to indicate a cross between the domestic cat and a wild cat species (erroneous because a "feral" animal is a domestic animal that has reverted to the wild state). An example of an intra-specific hybrid is a hybrid between a Bengal tiger and an Amur (Siberian) Tiger. Plant hybrids, especially, are often stronger than either parent variety, a phenomenon which when present is known as '' Hybrid Vigour '' (heterosis) or heterozygote advantage. Plant Breeders make use of a number of techniques to produce hybrids. The Lonicera Fly is the first known Animal Species that resulted from natural hybridization. Until the discovery of the lonicera, this process was known to occur in nature only among Plant s. INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS Interspecific hybrids are bred by mating two species, normally from within the same Genus . The offspring display traits and characteristics of both parents. The offspring of an interspecific cross may be sterile. Sterility is often attributed to the different number of chromosomes the two species have, for example Donkey s have 62 Chromosomes , while Horse s have 64, Mule s and Hinnies have 63. Mules, hinnies, and other normally sterile interspecific hybrids normally cannot produce viable Gamete s because the extra chromosome cannot make a homologous pair at Meiosis , meiosis is disrupted, and viable sperm and eggs are not formed. However, fertility in both female mules and hinnies has been reported with a donkey as the father. {Link without Title}
Hybrids are often named by the Portmanteau method, combining the names of the two parent species. For example, a Zeedonk is a cross between a Zebra and a Donkey . Since the traits of hybrid offspring often vary depending on which species was mother and which was father, it is traditional to use the father's species as the first half of the portmanteau. For example, a Liger is a cross between a male Lion and a female Tiger , while a Tigon is a cross between a male tiger and a female lion. Some animal interspecies hybrids are:
Hybrids should not be confused with Chimaeras such as the chimera between Sheep and Goat known as the Geep . Links to more hybrid animals, or more specific details:
HYBRID PLANTS Plant species hybridize a lot more readily than animal species and they are generally fertile. Plant hybrids are often created to get different characteristics from both parents and to improve production of seeds or fruit such as to make a plant hardier or more disease resistant. Hybrid plants are plants that are created manually, so they can have characteristics that are helpful. Some plant hybrids include:
HYBRIDS IN NATURE Hybridisation between two closely related species is actually a common occurrence in nature. Many Hybrid Zone s are known where the ranges of two species meet, and hybrids are continually produced in great numbers. These hybrid zones are useful as biological model systems for studying the mechanisms of Speciation . MYTHOLOGICAL AND LEGENDARY HYBRIDS In ancient and modern local folktales, there exist hybrids resulting from the union between a human parent and an animal or a non-human sentient being. Some of these hybrids are crosses with humans and: Brownie s, Nymph s, God s, Moo-Moo (Solomon Island Giant), Chimpanzee s ( Humanzee ), Bat s (Batboy), snakes/lizards ( Naga , Syrictae ), dropa, Giants , Cat People , Mermaid s, Fairies , Watcher s, Demon s, Dryad s, Spirit s, Incubus , Succubus , Pech , Triton , Larvae , martes, and others. One example is the Minotaur . ETYMOLOGY The word came from Ancient Greek ''hybridēs'', literally meaning "son of outrageous conduct", and used to mean "hybrid between sheep and goat". SEE ALSO
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