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CHRONOLOGY OF HORSE WORSHIP


Bronze Age

The Uffington White Horse , dating to between 1400 and 600 BC, is possible evidence of horse worship in the Bronze Age.


Iron Age


The French archaeologist Patrice Méniel has demonstrated, based on examination of animal bones from many archaeological sites, a lack of ''hippophagy'' (horse eating) in ritual centres and burial sites in Gaul, although there is some evidence for hippophagy from earlier settlement sites in the same region (Méniel 1992 pp.38-45, 77-78, 131-143).

Tacitus (Germania) mentions the use of white horses for divination by the Germanic tribes:

But to this nation it is peculiar, to learn presages and admonitions divine from horses also. These are nourished by the State in the same sacred woods and groves, all milk-white and employed in no earthly labour. These yoked in the holy chariot, are accompanied by the Priest and the King, or the Chief of the Community, who both carefully observed his actions and neighing. Nor in any sort of augury is more faith and assurance reposed, not by the populace only, but even by the nobles, even by the Priests. These account themselves the ministers of the Gods, and the horses privy to his will.



Gallo-Roman

In Gallo-Roman times, the worship of Epona was widespread (Nantonos & Ceffyl 2005) in the north-western portions of the Roman Empire .


Early mediaeval


The Welsh legend of Rhiannon and the Irish legend of Macha , although first recorded in Christian times, may indicate memories of horse worship. The white horse of Rhiannon is another example of cultic use of white horses, which seems to be an Indo-European phenomenon (Hyland p.6).


REFERENCES

  • Hyland, Ann (2003) ''The Horse in the Ancient World''. Stroud, Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2160-9

  • Méniel, Patrice ''Les Sacrifices d'animaux chez les gaulois''. Paris, Editions Errance. ISBN 2-877-72068-3

  • Nantonos & Ceffyl (2005) Geographical Distribution of Epona

  • Tacitus, ''Germania''. Thomas Gordon, translator. Available online