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Ohio was the 17th U.S. State to join the Union, doing so on 19 February 1803 , when the U.S. Congress accepted the notice from the territory's constitutional convention. Due to changes in practice over time, there is a common misperception that Ohio was not properly admitted to the Union until 150 years later. The history of Ohio, however, began much earlier, with the arrival of Native Americans in the region. EARLY HISTORY Mound builders Ohio, the region north of the culture of western Ohio (especially northwestern Ohio), and the Red Ochre and Old Copper cultures, across much of northern Ohio. Late Archaic cultures were in turn supplanted by Native Americans of the Adena Culture about 800 BC. The Adenas were Mound Builder s who built thousands of burial mounds in Ohio, many of which remain. Following the Adena culture was the Hopewell Culture (c. 100 to c. 400 A.D.), and later the Fort Ancient Culture . The Serpent Mound in Adams County, Ohio , the largest Effigy in the United States and one of Ohio's best-known landmarks, was traditionally considered an Adena mound, but may have been the work of Fort Ancient people. Early historic natives When the first Europeans began to arrive in North America, Native Americans participated in the Fur Trade . When the Iroquois confederation depleted the beaver and other game in the New York region, they launched a war known as the Beaver Wars , destroying or scattering those Indians living in Ohio. The Eries along the shore of Lake Erie were virtually eliminated by the Iroquois in the 1680s. Thereafter, the Ohio lands were claimed by the Iroquois as hunting grounds. Ohio was largely uninhabited for several decades. However, population pressure from expanding European colonies on the Atlantic coast compelled several groups of American Indians to relocate to the Ohio Country by the 1730s. From the east, Delawares and Shawnees arrived, and Wyandots and Ottawa s from the north. Miamis lived in what is now western Ohio. Mingo s were those Iroquois who migrated west into the Ohio lands. EUROPEAN COLONIZATION During the 18th Century , the French set up a system of trading posts to control the Fur Trade in the region. Christopher Gist was one of the first English-speaking explorers to travel through and write about the Ohio Country. When British traders such as George Croghan started to do business in the Ohio Country, the French and their northern Indian allies drove them out, beginning with a raid on Miami Indian town of Pickawillany (modern Piqua, Ohio ) in 1752 . The French began the military occupation of the Ohio valley in 1753, and an attempt by the Virginia n George Washington to drive them out in 1754 led to a war known in the United States as the French And Indian War . As a result of the Treaty Of Paris , the French ceded control of Ohio and the old Northwest to Great Britain. Pontiac's Rebellion and the American Revolution Britain soon passed the Proclamation Of 1763 , which (in theory) prohibited the American Colonists from settling in the Ohio Country, but in practice was widely ignored. British military occupation in the region had previously contributed to the outbreak of Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763. Ohio Indians participated in that war, until an armed expedition in Ohio led by Colonel Henry Bouquet brought about a truce. Another military expedition into the Ohio Country in 1774 brought Lord Dunmore's War to a conclusion. During the of 1782 — took place in Ohio. With the American victory in the Revolutionary War, the British ceded claims to Ohio and the territory in the West to the Mississippi River to the United States. Northwest Ordinance and Territory outside Federal Hall in lower Manhattan ]] The United States created the Northwest Territory in 1787 under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, also known as the Freedom Ordinance because for the first time slavery would be prohibited from an entire American region. The states of the Midwest would be known as free states, in contradistinction to those states south of the Ohio River known as slave states, and later, as Northeastern states abolished slavery in the coming two generations, the free states would be known as Northern States. The Northwest Territory originally included areas that had previously been known as Ohio Country and Illinois Country . As Ohio prepared for statehood, Indiana Territory was created, reducing the Northwest Territory to the approximately the size of present-day Ohio plus the eastern half of Michigan 's lower peninsula. White settlement of the Northwest Territory was resisted by Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War . The natives were eventually conquered by General Anthony Wayne at the Battle Of Fallen Timbers in 1794 and much of present-day Ohio was ceded to the United States in the Treaty Of Greenville the next year. STATEHOOD Under the Northwest Ordinance , any of the states to be formed out of the Northwest Territory could be admitted as a state once the population exceeded 60,000 and a constitution was proposed by the residents. Although Ohio's population numbered only 45,000 in December 1801 , Congress determined that the population was growing rapidly and Ohio could begin the path to statehood with the assumption that it would exceed 60,000 residents by the time it would become a state. On April 30 , 1802 , President Jefferson signed the Enabling Act Of 1802 that outlined the process for Ohio to seek statehood. The residents convened a constitutional convention and submitted a constitution to Congress. On February 19 , 1803 , Congress recognized Ohio as the 17th state. The current custom of Congress declaring an official date of statehood did not begin until 1812 , with Louisiana 's admission. So, on August 7 , 1953 (the year of Ohio's 150th anniversary), President Eisenhower signed an act that officially declared March 1 , 1803 the date of Ohio's admittance into the Union. (The date of March 1, 1803 was when the Ohio General Assembly met for the first time at Chillicothe .) This administrative housekeeping had no effect on the legal status of Ohio and its residents but merely served to formalize the official date of admission, as was done for other states as well. War of 1812 Ohio was on the front lines of the War Of 1812 in what was known as the Tecumseh's War . It was conflict in the Old Northwest between the United States and an American Indian confederacy led by the Shawnee chief Tecumseh . Although the war is often considered to have climaxed with William Henry Harrison's victory at the Battle Of Tippecanoe in 1811, Tecumseh's War essentially continued into the War of 1812, and is frequently considered a part of that larger struggle. In 1835 , Ohio fought a mostly bloodless boundary war with Michigan over the Toledo Strip known as the Toledo War . Congress intervened, giving the land, which included the city of Toledo , to Ohio. In exchange, Michigan was given the Upper Peninsula . CIVIL WAR Many people from Ohio became Civil War generals and helped in the war. Some even possibly won the war such generals as Sherman, Jackson, and Licoln. were all very important to the Civil War and from Ohio. INDUSTRIALIZATION Natural resources water 1900'S Constitutional Convention of 1912 In 1912, the citizens of Ohio convened a Constitutional Convention to examine whether changes needed to be made in the state's Basic Organizing Document . A special election was held, and delegates equal to the number of seats in the General Assembly were elected. The delegates were private citizens, representing the merchants, farmers, manufacturers, and academics of the state, instead of career politicians. Charles B. Galbreath of Medina County was elected Secretary . Debate was held in the chamber of the House of Representatives in the Statehouse in Columbus. The Constitution they proposed was representative of the Progressive Era in which it was written. Among the 41 amendments to the 1851 constitution it proposed, it introduced the Initiative and the Referendum as a method for citizens to propose or amend laws and propose amendments to the Constitution itself. It allowed for the General Assembly to put questions on the ballot for the people to ratify laws and constitutional amendments originating in the Legislature as well. Under the Jeffersonian principle that laws should be reviewed once a generation, the constituation provided for a recurring question to appear on Ohio's general election ballots every 20 years. The question asks whether a new convention is required. Although the question has appeared in 1932, 1952, 1972, and 1992, it has never been approved. Instead constitutional amendments have been proposed by petition and the legislature hundreds of times and adopted in a majority of cases. 2000'S SEE ALSO REFERENCES Surveys and textbooks
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