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''This entry concerns the history of ornamental gardening considered as an amenity of civilized life, as a vehicle for style, for conspicuous show and even an expression of philosophy.'' ''See also subsistence Gardening , the art and craft of growing plants, considered as a circumscribed form of individual Agriculture .'' Though cultivation of there were gardens at the Academy of Athens , and Theophrastus , who wrote on Botany , was supposed to have inherited a garden from Aristotle . Epicurus also had a garden where he walked and taught, and bequeathed it to Hermarchus of Mytilene . Alciphron also mentions private gardens. The most influential ancient gardens in the western world were the Ptolemy's gardens at Alexandria and the gardening tradition brought to Rome by Lucullus . Wall Painting s in Pompeii attest to elaborate development later, and the wealthiest of Romans built enormous gardens, many of whose ruins are still to be seen, such as at Hadrian's Villa . Byzantium and Moorish Spain kept garden traditions alive after the 4th century. By this time a separate gardening tradition had arisen in China, which was transmitted to Japan, where it developed into aristocratic miniature landscapes centered on ponds and separately into the severe Zen gardens of temples. In Europe, gardening revived in Languedoc and the Ile-de-France in the 13th century, and in the Italian villa gardens of the early Renaissance. French parterres developed at the end of the 16th century and reached high development under Andre Le Notre . English landscape gardens opened a new perspective in the 18th century. The 19th century saw a welter of historical revivals and Romantic cottage-inspired gardening. 20th century gardening expanded into city planning. (''this introductory capsule of world gardening needs improvement'') THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GARDEN STYLES Ancient Near East Assyrian hunting parks and Persian paradise gardens
Egyptian temple courts
Hellenistic and Roman gardens
It is curious that although the Egyptians and Romans both gardened with vigor, the Greeks did not own private gardens. They did put gardens around temples and they adorned walkways and roads with statues, but the ornate and pleasure gardens that demonstrated wealth in the other ocmmunities is seemingly absent. Part maybe that blank areas in the historic landscape were assumed just that : blank. No one bothered to look for pollen or evidence of gardens. Part maybe that the modern technology is only just emerging, but the predominance of knowledge is that they just did not bother with gardens.
Islamic gardens
Chinese and Japanese gardens
European gardens: Medieval
European gardens: Italian Renaissance
, epitomizes the Italian garden of the early Renaissance, before the grander architectural schemes of the 16th century]] European gardens: French Baroque
European gardens: Anglo-Dutch gardens
Landscape gardens
Romantic gardens Picturesque gardens 'Gardenesque' gardens The 'Gardenesque' style of English garden design evolved during the 1820's from Humphry Repton's Picturesque or 'Mixed' style, largely under the impetus of J. C. Loudon , who invented the term. In a Gardenesque plan, all the trees, shrubs and other plants are positioned and managed in such a way that the character of each plant can be displayed to its full potential. With the spread of botany as a suitable avocation for the enlightened, the Gardenesque tended to emphasize botanical curiosities and a collector's approach. New plant material that would have seemed bizarre and alien in earlier gardening found settings: Pampas grass from Argentina and Monkey-puzzle trees. Winding paths linked scattered plantings. The Gardenesque approach involved the creation of small-scale landscapes, dotted with features and vignettes, to promote beauty of detail, variety and mystery, sometimes to the detriment of coherence. Artificial mounds helped to stage groupings of shrubs, and Island Beds became prominent features. Pattern gardens: revived parterres "Wild" gardens and herbaceous borders The books of William Robinson describing his own "wild" gardening at Gravetye Manor, Sussex, and the sentimental picture of a rosy, idealized "cottage garden" of the kind pictured by Kate Greenaway , which had scarcely existed historically, both influenced the development of the mixed herbaceous borders that were advocated by Gertrude Jekyll from the 1890s. Her plantings, which mixed shrubs with perennial and annual plants and bulbs in deep beds within more formal structures of terraces and stairs designed by Edwin Lutyens , set the model for high-style, high-maintenance gardening until the Second World War. Vita Sackville-West 's garden at Sissinghurst Castle , Kent is the most famous and influential garden of this last blossoming of romantic style, publicized by the gardener's own gardening column in '' The Observer ''. In the last quarter of the 20th century, less structured Wildlife Gardening emphasized the Ecological framework of similar gardens using native plants. Modern gardens
Gardens in Poland The leading European historian and designer of gardens, Gerard Ciołek (1909-1966), analysed and discussed several hundreds of notable parks and gardens of Poland (Ciołek 1954, 1978). These include:
HISTORIC GARDENERS ''The following names, roughly in historical order, made contributions that affected the history of gardens, whether as botanist explorers, designers, garden-makers, or writers. Further information on them will be found under their individual entries.''
NOTABLE HISTORIC GARDENS
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