| Greek-calabrian Dialect |
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'']] The Greek Calabrian is mentioned in the ''Red Book'' of . It is also mentioned by (or even from Ancient Greek ) and for this reason it can be viewed more as a sibling of Modern Greek than as its direct offspring. Bearing the previous point in mind, it would be more accurate to view it as a dialectal version of Medieval Byzantine Greek than a dialect of Modern Greek. However, this version of Greek has never experienced an extensive growth period during its history, and it has only ever been used in basic day to day communications, without ever playing a significant role in the fields of administration, literature, or ecclesiastical matters. All things considered, the widespread view of Greek-Calabrian as a dialect rather than a language may have little to do with lack of distinctive characteristics and far more to do with lack of prestige. DIFFUSION Diffusion in the past This idiom was spoken in the whole of south Calabria till the 15th to 16th century, when it was gradually replaced by the romance dialect ( Calabrian ), even though there are influences of Greek Calabrian in the grammar and in a large part of the vocabulary. During the Angevin Age the Greek idiom was widely spoken in a large area between Seminara , Taurianova , the Mésima 's valley and the plateau of Poro . A brief historical analysis illustrates quite readily the progressive disappearance of the Greek idiom in different Calabrian areas from 16th Century onwards Around the mid 16th century this idiom had disappeared in the Petrace 's field, particularly in the high valley of Diverso and Tasi . During the following century the regression spread to some valleys in the western side of Aspromonte near the Straits Of Messina , like Catona 's and Gàllico 's Valleys. During the 19th Century this idiom was lost in some villages like Pentedattilo , Africo , Brancaleone , Motta San Giovanni , Montebello , San Lorenzo , in the Ionic side of Aspromonte. In the first years of the 20th Century this regressive trend spread to the towns of Palizzi , Staiti , Cardeto , Roccaforte Del Greco , Amendolea and Condofuri . Repressive measures of Fascism During the Fascist period in Italy, linguistic minorities were strongly discouraged form using their mother tongues and this inevitably affected the use of Greek-Calabrian. In the 1930s the expression "you seem Greek" when referring to a stupid person, became commonplace. This dialect soon came to be viewed, even by its native speakers, as a symbol of cultural backwardness and teachers would punish the pupils who spoke this "foreign" idiom at school. Current diffusion Today Greek-Calabrian is spoken in nine towns of Bovesìa including Bova Superiore , Roghudi , Gallicianò , but also Chorìo Di Roghudi , Bova Marina , and in the town of Reggio Calabria in San Giorgio Extra's and Rione Modena's neighbourhoods. Several hundred speakers in Arangea's and Sbarre's neighbourhoods of Reggio Calabria and another small number in Melito Di Porto Salvo have been reported, mainly thanks to immigration from Roghudi and from Chorìo after the floods that occurred back in 1971. About 2,000 people speak and understand the language, and only about 50 of these are less than 35 years old, despite the efforts of cultural associations and administrative agencies. In Bova many actually study Modern Greek in preference to Greek Calabrian. CHARACTERISTICS This language has a lot in common with Modern Greek. When speaking of its origins, some philologists assert that it is a dialect derived from Medieval Greek , while others assert that it comes directly from Ancient Greek and particularly from Doric Greek spoken in Magna Grecia , with an independent evolution influenced only by Medieval Greek. The evidence is based on archaicisms of this language with the presence of words derived from Doric Greek but actually disused in Greece. There are also quite a few distinctive charateristics in comparison with Modern Greek. For example, in many cases the final "-s" in most words has been lost (i.e. ''gaidaros'' (donkey) becomes ''gadaro'' in Greek-Calabrian). Moreover, a future tense does not exist in this dialect, this grammatical requirement met by the use of the present tense. An important peculiarity is that it uses the Latin Alphabet and not the Greek . LITERATURE The literature is scarce and consists of books of poetry, local history or calendars, frequently in three languages (Italian, Greek Calabrian and Modern Greek). Unfortunately this idiom has been penalized by the lack of a linguistic authority and the absence of a literature, with the language predominantly used in rural or pastoral environments. In the late 1970s the association ''Jalò tu Vúa'' initiated a research group to set up methodological standards to teach Greek-Calabrian and draft a grammar for the schools. The commune for Bova published it as pamphlet in 1979 with the title ''La Glossa di Bova'' (''Bova's gloss''). THE ROOT OF HUMANISM It is important to highlight the presence of Calabrians in Humanism and in the Renaissance . Indeed the Hellenistics in this period frequently came from Calabria maybe because of the Greek influence. The rediscovery of Old Greek was very difficult because this language had been almost forgotten. In this period the presence of Calabrian humanists or refugees from Costantinople was fundamental. The study of Ancient Greek, in this period, was mainly a work of two monks of the monastery of , bishop of Gerace , and his disciple, Leonzio Pilato . Leonzio Pilato , in particular, was probably a Greek Calabrian born near Reggio Calabria . He was an important teacher of Ancient Greek and translator, and he helped Giovanni Boccaccio in the translations of Homer 's works. MUSIC Greek-Calabrian has never had a diffused tradition in music, however at present there are a number of local folk groups who sing in this dialect. An annual festival of Greek-Calabrian music is held in Bova Marina. THE CURRENT DAY STATUS The rediscovery Over time the Greek Calabrians became the forgotten people of Italy and Europe, such that even the people and government of Greece were unaware of their existence. Their rediscovery, or at least the increased awareness of them, was due to the notable work of the german philologist Gerhard Rohlfs , who has made a long lasting contribution to our knowledge of Greek Calabrian. Cultural associations Inspired by the efforts of Rohlfs, a group of university students looked to further increase the exposure of this idiom by publishing a pamphlet entitled ''La Ionica''. This was the first organised activity aimed at protecting the language. In 1970 this group established a cultural association named ''La Ionica'' and the pamphlet became a magazine which contained poetry and prose in both Italian and in Greek Calabrian. The same association established contacts with Greek speakers of Grecìa Salentina aimed at creating the UGIM (Union of Greeks of South Italy) in order to jointly protect the region's ''bilingualism'' and to demand formal state recognition, in such areas as bilingual road signs. Following the example of ''La Ionica'', other local associations were established like '' Zoí Ce Glossa '' (Life and language) in Reggio Calabria, '' Cinurio Cosmó '' (New World) and '' Jalò Tu Vúa '' in Bova Marina, '' CUMELCA '' in Gallicianò and Roghudi and '' Apodiafázi '' (Dawn) in Bova Superiore. Mass-media There exist two periodicals in Greek-Calabrian: ''I Riza'' which is trilingual (Italian, Greek-Calabrian and modern Greek) and is published by the ''Jalò tu Vúa'' association, and ''CUMELCA''. The former is a four-monthly publication while the latter is published every three months, however in reality it only appears on the shelves at irregular intervals. The region gives some financial aid to support these publications. At the moment, there are no radio stations that broadcast in the Greek-Calabrian idiom, mostly due to the crisis of the local private radio stations. In fact, between 1977 and 1984 , coinciding with the boom in local stations, some stations used to air programs in this language. Among these were the ''Radio Antenna Don Bosco'' at Bova Marina, ''Radio San Paolo'' at Reggio di Calabria and ''RTM'' at Mélito di Porto Salvo. This idiom has never been used on television. Education and awareness raising The Greek government in Athens , through the ''Associazione Internazionale degli Ellenofoni'' (SFEE) or the International Association of Greek speakers, has established relations with ''La Ionica'' and has officially invited Greek-Calabrians at the annual meetings they host in Greece . Apart from this, ''La Ionica'' has not been well supported by government public institutions; in fact awareness of this problem has only really surfaced in the last few years. The Calabrian region, has encouraged the education of the idiom in schools, alongside what already happens with Albanian , thus promoting bilingualism. In 1993 the region also created an ''Istituto Regionale Superiore di Studi Ellenofoni'' (Regional Institute of Advanced Greek Studies) based in Bova Marina. Despite this initial activity, the program has not made many advances because of the lack of qualified teachers and the fact that bilingualism isn't present in the administration. The improvements are very small and at the moment, for example, only the towns of Bova and Bova Marina have bilingual street signs. Critical points The gradual decline in the use of Greek Calabrian is mainly due to the fact that the population views it as nothing more than a dialect, in other words, as a form of expression of the lower classes, typical of rural and/or illiterate peoples. The lack of linguistic registers (i.e. the use in environments other than at a familiar level) is a further impediment to its survival. The language was preserved whilst the population remained isolated in the mountains of the Aspromonte . Following the migrations from these zones of the bulk of the population, the younger generations of today have only a very basic knowledge of the language and improved education standards encourage the use of other languages, such as Italian, even on a day to day basis. Activity in the area of education, even if it is supported by local administration and legislation in promoting the presence of Greek in the class room and in universities, is limited because lecturers and tutors with an adequate knowledge of Greek Calabrian aren't available to offer courses. Initial activity has been limited to the initiatives of cultural groups at a local level, with the financial support of the odd local council. The teaching of the language in schools has not followed a bilingual format, but rather, it has been offered more as an optional subject at primary school level, thanks to the financial support of the regional government and the European Community . In any case, student numbers have remained quite low. Unfortunately the teaching of the language is completely absent at secondary school level, where it would be the most useful and practical, and in fact the cultural associations offer courses which cater for adults. Therefore the biggest problem remains the limited knowledge of the language on the part of the teaching fraternity for whom bilingualism is not a mandatory element of their qualification. Some further education of such graduates is offered by the odd cultural association such as ''Jalò tu Vúa'', but thanks only to the support of the European Community. This same association has even worked towards the creation of a Greek Calabrian grammar. However, interest amongst the youth in modern Greek continues to grow at the expense of the Greek Calabrian idiom. EXTERNAL LINKS |
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