Information AboutGlottal Stop |
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The glottal stop or '''voiceless glottal plosive''' is a type of Consonant al sound, used in many Spoken Language s. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The glottal stop is the sound made when the Vocal Cords are pressed together to stop the flow of air and then released, and is the sound in the middle of the Interjection ''uh-oh''. FEATURES Features of the glottal stop:
IN ENGLISH There are few words in English that universally contain a glottal stop. The best known examples are the interjections "uh-oh" and "uh-uh". The ''p'' in "yep" and "nope" for ''yes'' and ''no'' may have originally represented glottal stops, but the words are now typically read with a {Link without Title} .
With many Yorkshire dialects, a glottalized /t/ is used as a replacement of the word "the", as shown in the beginning of the Spanish Inquisition sketch by Monty Python , where Graham Chapman states "There's trouble at t' mill!". Or when John Cleese exclaims, "I'm going down t'market." Glottal stops are also found in some forms of African American Vernacular English . Finally, there are Loanword s into English, usually from languages where the glottal stop is a phoneme, where a glottal stop is part of the accepted pronunciation, for example Hawaiian '' Aa lava''. IN OTHER LANGUAGES In many languages, the glottal stop is a full Phoneme . In languages using the Latin Alphabet , it is often written as an opening single quote ‘, as in Hawai‘ian . Other languages, such as Danish , have the glottal stop as a Suprasegmental feature. Arabic In Arabic , the glottal stop is a full phoneme, represented by the letter ء ( Hamza ). Burmese In Burmese , all finals (represented with a -္), except for nasalised ''-n'' sounds, are glottal stops. Danish In Danish , the glottal stop is used the same way as Swedish and Norwegian tones, to mark that a word has another meaning. The word ''hjælper'' means 'helps', but with the glottal stop it means 'helper'. Dutch In Dutch , the glottal stop is not phonemic, but it is inserted in multi- Morphemic words before morphemes that begin with a vowel, for example ''beamen'' ("to endorse"), where the glottal stop may be inserted after the Prefix "be-". Normal words starting with a vowel also may receive a glottal in front if they are pronounced with emphasis, as in German. The few exceptions where the presence or not of the glottal would change the meaning of a word is in ''zoeven'' ("to whiz") versus ''zoëven'' ("just now"); ''koop'' ("buy") versus ''coöp'' ("cooperative"). In such cases the Trema is used to indicate the break. And even here one can argue that the Dutch ''oe'' is not a real diphthong but just a single vowel. The Dutch dialects West Flemish and Zeelandic however, make frequent use of glottal stops. In many words, the ''k'' may be replaced by a glottal stop. This also sometimes occurs for ''t'' or ''p'' sounds. Finnish In . The colloquial Spoken Finnish exhibits a completely different phenomenon, where the Syncope of word-final /n/ actually produces a hiatus or a glottal stop. This makes the glottal stop a regular Genitive Case marker in e.g. the Savo Dialect . For example, standard ''se on ollut'' "it has been" is rendered as ''se o ollu'' . More often than not, this glottal stop is immediately assimilated to the following consonant as per regular Sandhi , e.g. standard ''se on minun'' "it is mine" to ''se o mu'' . German In northern and central German , a glottal stop is inserted between every two adjacent vowels that do not form a diphthong, for example ''Beamter'' ("civil servant"), ''beeilen'' ("hurry"), ''Ruine'' ("ruin" ''noun''), or ''Luise'' (''personal name''). (This is a common mistake Germans make when pronouncing foreign languages like English or French.) Otherwise (and in other German-speaking areas) the glottal stop is only used in front of words (or, for faster speakers, sentences) that begin with a vowel. In addition glottal stops are often inserted at Morpheme boundaries: ''enterben'' (''ent-'' + ''erben''; "disinherit") often becomes . Guaraní In Guaraní , the glottal stop is a full consonant. It is denoted by the letter ’, called ''puso'' ''(see Guaraní Alphabet )''. Compare ''kua'' "hole" with ''ku’a'' "waist". Hebrew In Hebrew , the glottal stop is a full phoneme. It is denoted by the letter Aleph (א). Maltese In Maltese , the glottal stop is a full phoneme. It is denoted by the letter Q . Norwegian It is used in some dialects. Polynesian Many Polynesian languages, though not all, feature the glottal stop as a full phoneme. If it is denoted, an Apostrophe is used, although the modifier letter turned comma '' is usually deemed proper. It is called Okina in Hawaiian , Fakaua in Tongan , eta in Tahitian and so on. Very often, however, Tongan excepted, it is ignored. Although some English speakers pronounce glottal stops in Hawaiian words, the vast majority do not. Even in the name Hawaii, it is most often omitted. Võro In Võro , the glottal stop is a full phoneme. It is denoted by the letter Q and is often the only differentiator of meaning in the Nominative plural, e.g. singular ''kala, pini, maa'' 'fish, dog, land', plural ''kalaq, piniq, maaq'' 'fishes, dogs, lands'. is also marker of imperative, e.g. ''annaq, mineq'' 'give, go'. At the same time it is obvious that the q phoneme in Võro is not a completely usual phoneme as regards its specific conditions of occurrence: (a) q occurs only word-finally after a vowel or a voiced consonant; (b) q does not palatalize; (c) there is no length opposition in the pronunciation of q. As a rule Võro glottal stop occurs as a grammatical marker whereas it rarely acts as a differentiator of lexical meaning. The fact that the glottal stop does not change the main meaning of the word is evidenced by its (variable) occurrence in forms where it is historically secondary, and mainly concentrates the form in the information structure of the sentence, e.g. pronouns ''maq, saq'' 'I, you' ; particles ''noq, külq'' 'now, yes'. Particularly productive is the usage of particles containing . Other Other examples of languages using a phonemic glottal stop are Nahuatl (and many other Native American languages) and the constructed Klingon Language from the TV series Star Trek . SEE ALSO |
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