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French art of the nineteenth century is, for the purpose of this article, visual and plastic works of art made in France or by French citizens during the following political regimes: Napoleon Bonaparte 's Consulate (1799-1804) and Empire (1804-1814), the Restoration under Louis XVIII and Charles X (1814-1830), the July Monarchy under Louis Philippe D'Orléans (1830-1848), the Second Republic (1848-1852), the Second Empire under Napoleon III (1852-1871), and the first decades of the Third Republic (1871-1940). Many of the developments in French arts in this period parallel changes in literature. For more on this, see French Literature Of The 19th Century . For more on French history, see History Of France . ROMANTICISM The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars brought great changes to the arts in France. The program of exaltation and mythification of the Emperor Napoleon I Of France was closely coordinated in the paintings of Gros and Guérin. Meanwhile, Orientalism , Egyptian motifs, the tragic Anti-hero , the wild landscape, the Historical Novel and scenes from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, all these elements of Romanticism created a vibrant period that defies easy classification. One also finds in the early period of the 19th century a repeat of the debate carried on in the 17th between the supporters of Rubens and Poussin: there are defenders of the "line" as found in Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres , and the violent colors and curves as found in Eugène Delacroix . The comparison is however somewhat false, for Ingres' intense realism sometimes gives way to amazing voluptuousness in his Turkish bath scenes. The Romantic tendencies continued throughout the century: both idealized landscape painting and and the Barbizon School are logical developments, as is too the late 19th century Symbolism of such painters at Gustave Moreau (the professor of Matisse and Rouault) or Odilon Redon . BIRTH OF THE MODERN Walter Benjamin called Paris "the capital of the 19th century". In order to understand the amazing diversity of artistic expressions which Paris gave birth to from the 1860s to the 1940s, one needs to understand both the unique experience of this city and the financial, social and political experiments that it was host to. . Édouard Manet represents for many critics the division between the 19th century and the modern period (much like Charles Baudelaire in poetry). His rediscovery of Spanish painting from the golden age, his willingness to show the unpainted canvas, his exploration of the forthright nude and his radical brush strokes are the first step toward Impressionism. (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe)'' - Édouard Manet]] (Impression, soleil levant)'' - Claude Monet]] Impressionism would take the Barbizon School one further, rejecting once and for all a belabored style (and the use of mixed colors and black), for fragile transitive effects of light as captured outdoors in changing light (in part inspired by the paintings of J. M. W. Turner ). Claude Monet with his cathedrals and haystacks, Pierre-Auguste Renoir with both his early outdoor festivals and his later feathery style of ruddy nudes, Edgar Degas with his dancers and bathers. Some of these techniques were made possible by new paints available in tubes. These painters were also to a certain degree in a dialogue with another discovery of the 19th century: photography. From this point on, the next thirty years were a litany of amazing experiments. Vincent Van Gogh , Dutch born but living in France, opened the road to expressionism. Georges Seurat , influenced by color theory, devised a pointillist technique that controlled the Impressionist experiment. Paul Cézanne , a painter's painter, attempted a geometrical exploration of the world (that left many of his peers indifferent). Paul Gauguin , the banker, found symbolism in Brittany and then exoticism and primitivism in French Polynesia . Henri Rousseau , the self-taught dabbler, becomes the model for the naïve revolution. SEE ALSO
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