| Fluid And Crystallized Intelligence |
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CATTELL'S WORK ON ''GF'' AND ''GC'' In his 1936 book ''Guide to Mental Testing'', Cattell defined intelligence as follows: ''"…abilities may be conceived as (1) a general ability entering into almost all performances, but far more into complex relation eduction than other performances; (2) certain group factors each covering an area such as verbal, number, Spatial , musical, etc., performance; and (3) certain abilities which are absolutely specific to one performance."'' Cattell discusses fluid and crystallized intelligence in ''Intelligence: Its Structure, Growth, and Action'': ''"It is apparent that one of these powers… has the “fluid” quality of being directable to almost any problem. By contrast, the other is invested in particular areas of crystallized skills which can be upset individually without affecting the others."'' (Cattell, 1987) In other words, fluid intelligence is a simple, Innate , general ability, which stays fairly constant throughout life. It includes such abilities as problem-solving, memory, learning, and pattern recognition. As evidence for its continuity, Cattell documents that what he notes as ''gf'' abilities are rarely affected by brain injuries. ''gf'' is highly similar to Spearman ’s original concept of ''g'' (see General Intelligence Factor ). For instance, the known fact of IQ decline in seniors at age 50 and higher (Schaie 1983;Hertzog & Schaie;) can be attributed to decline in Gf but not in Gc. Crystallized intelligence, on the other hand, is more dynamic. It consists primarily of specific, acquired knowledge. For example, a child who has just learned how to recite the fifty states of America now owns a new piece of crystallized intelligence; but their general ability to learn and understand (''gf'') has not been altered. Not surprisingly, people with a high capacity of ''gf'' tend to acquire more ''gc'' knowledge and at faster rates. EXAMPLES OF ''GF'' AND ''GC Examples of ''gc'', the abilities that depend on knowledge and experience, include:
Examples of ''gf'', which is basically abtract reasoning, include:
FACTOR LOADINGS OF ''GF'' AND ''GC'' According to Paul Kline's 1998 ''The New Psychometrics'', Cattell's 1971 study identified a number of factors that shared at least 60% correlation with ''gf'' and ''gc''. Factors with median loadings of greater than 0.6 on ''gf'':
Factors with median loadings of greater than 0.6 on ''gc'':
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